Chapter
“Gender ideology” as a strategy
“Gender ideology” as a national phenomenon
2 “Gender ideology” in Austria: Coalitions around an empty signifier
The Austrian context and the emergence of the anti-gender discourse
Actors of the “gender ideology” alliance
Discursive analysis: What’s the problem with “gender ideology”?
3 “No prophet is accepted in his own country”: Catholic anti-gender activism in Belgium
A strongly minorized movement in Flanders
Francophone Belgium: Activists with a French touch
Why are they not influential?
4 Embryo, teddy bear-centaur and the constitution: Mobilizations against “gender ideology” and sexual permissiveness in Croatia
A chronology of main activities and targets
The defining characteristics of the movement
5 Resisting “gender theory” in France: A fulcrum for religious action in a secular society
Anti-gender mobilization in the 2010s
Explaining the emergence of the anti-gender cause
France’s “anti-gender” pipeline to the Vatican
Translating the “anti-gender” cause for the 2010s: Reframing for a new context
The religious, political and social backgrounds of activists: An organizing advantage with a communications liability
Broadening the appeal of the anti-gender movement: Neutralizing the religious and social characteristics of the activists
The effects of anti-gender mobilization on inter- and intra-religious political dynamics
6 “Anti-genderismus”: German angst?
General background: The situation in Germany
Early articulations: Journalistic neoconservatism and lay Catholic/Christian voices
The current situation: Anti-genderism as a missing link between heterogeneous constellations
7 Anti-gender discourse in Hungary: A discourse without a movement?
The history of a discourse
Why is there no movement? Discouraging factors
Why we could expect the emergence of a movement
8 Defending Catholic Ireland
A Catholic nation for a Catholic people
Abortion and Catholicism in Ireland
The Irish Catholic Church and homosexuality
The 2015 same-sex marriage campaign
9 Italy as a lighthouse: Anti-gender protests between the “anthropological question” and national identity
From nothing to all: The emergency of gender in Italian politics
Gender as a federating rallying cry with a make-up effect
Protecting “our children” to defend the human and safeguard national identity
Italy as a fertile ground for “gender ideology”
10 “Worse than communism and Nazism put together”: War on gender in Poland
Key actors and strategies in the Polish war on gender
Main themes and developments
Anti-genderism as an intellectual project
Interpretations of anti-gender mobilization: Polish exceptionalism reconsidered
11 Russia as the saviour of European civilization: Gender and the geopolitics of traditional values
“Gender ideology” discourse in Russia
Academic homophobia: Moscow State University
The World Congress of Families
Politicians, political networking and the Russian Orthodox Church
12 Changing gender several times a day: The anti-gender movement in Slovenia
A civil initiative of concerned citizens
The anti-gender movement and the Catholic Church
The interpretations and framings of “gender theory”
The success of the anti-gender movement
13 From the pulpit to the streets: Ultra-conservative religious positions against gender in Spain
Religion, society and politics
The emergence of the discourse on “gender ideology”
Anti-gender actors and their strategies
Explaining the low impact of high mobilization
14 The anti-gender movement in comparative perspective
Overview of the anti-gender movement in Europe
An uneven development in Europe
Europe in a global picture
Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe
：Mobilizing against Equality
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