Front Cover

DISASTER EPIDEMIOLOGY

DISASTERE PIDEMIOLOGY: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

List of Contributors

Acknowledgments

Introduction to Disaster Epidemiology

INTRODUCTION

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES

Issues Related to Methods

RISK INVESTIGATIONS AND STUDIES

RAPID NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

Surveillance

REGISTRIES AND ACCOUNTABILITY STUDIES

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

References

1 - History of Disaster Epidemiology: 1960–2015

BACKGROUND

1960S–1980S

Rapid Needs Assessments

Public Health Surveillance and Tracking Systems

Epidemiology Investigations and Studies

1990s

Rapid Needs Assessments

Public Health Surveillance and Tracking Systems

Epidemiology Investigations and Studies

2000s

Rapid Needs Assessments

Public Health Surveillance and Tracking Systems

Epidemiology Investigations and Studies

References

2 - Methods: Surveillance

THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

DEFINING SURVEILLANCE

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE

Passive Surveillance

Active Surveillance

Other Types of Surveillance

Sentinel Surveillance

Syndromic Surveillance

USING PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE DATA DURING A DISASTER

CONCLUSIONS

References

Vignette: Veterans Health Affairs, Veterans, and Disasters

INTRODUCTION

VETERANS AFFAIRS' ROLE IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION DISASTER RESPONSES IN RECENT YEARS

Superstorm Sandy's Impact of Veterans Affairs Services

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

References

Further Reading

3 - Applications: Using Information Systems to Improve Surveillance During Disasters

BACKGROUND

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF THE GEORGIA STATE ELECTRONIC NOTIFIABLE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

Networks

Information System Tools

Human Resources

Hurricane Responses

H1N1 Response

2014 Ebola Virus Disease Response

BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

Disclaimers

References

4 - Applications: Shelter Surveillance

INTRODUCTION

WHY CONDUCT SHELTER SURVEILLANCE?

Value of Surveillance in an Individual Shelter

Value of Surveillance Across Multiple Shelters

Goals of Shelter Surveillance

When to Initiate Health Surveillance in Shelters

DATA COLLECTION

Active Surveillance

Passive Surveillance

Data Collection Format Considerations

DATA AGGREGATION

Aggregating Data at the Shelter Level

Aggregating Data Across Shelters

Reporting Aggregate Data

References

Vignette: Postdisaster Carbon Monoxide Surveillance

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IN THE AFTERMATH OF HURRICANE SANDY

WHAT IS CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING?

WHY IS CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN?

ESTABLISHING CASES OF CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURE

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING AFTER A DISASTER

HOW TO PREPARE?

References

5 - Applications: Disaster-Related Mortality Surveillance: Challenges and Considerations for Local and State Health ...

BACKGROUND

CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Challenge: Defining Disaster-Related Deaths

Challenge: Reporting Information From Deaths Identified as Disaster-Related

Death-Related Information on Death Certificates

Disaster-Related Information Reported Between Key Partners Within the State

Challenge: Capturing Disaster-Related Deaths in a Timely Manner

Death Certificates and Alternative Data Sources

SURVEILLANCE CASE STUDIES

Hurricane Ike, Texas, 2008

Tornadoes, Southeast United States, April 2011

Superstorm Sandy, New York City, 2012

References

6 - Methods: Study Designs in Disaster Epidemiology

INTRODUCTION

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGNS

EXAMPLES OF DISASTER EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES

THE WORLD TRADE CENTER, SEPTEMBER 11, 2001

HURRICANE KATRINA AND SUPERSTORM SANDY

DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL

TYPHOON HAIYAN, PHILIPPINES

HAITI EARTHQUAKE, 2010

CONCLUSION

Disclaimer

References

Further Reading

7 - Applications: Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

SAMPLING FRAME AND METHODOLOGY

QUESTIONNAIRE AND FIELD INTERVIEWS

DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING

CASPER EXAMPLE

Household Emergency Preparedness—Oakland County, Michigan

CONCLUSION

References

8 - Applications: Assessment of Chemical Exposures: Epidemiologic Investigations After Large-Scale Chemical Releases

BACKGROUND

ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES RESOURCES

OUTCOMES OF ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES INVESTIGATIONS

CONCLUSION

Disclaimer

References

Memoriam

Vignette: Geothermal Venting and Emergency Preparedness—Lake County, California

References

Vignette: CASPER in Response to a Slow-Moving Disaster—The California Drought

References

9 - Methods: Questionnaire Development and Interviewing Techniques

INTRODUCTION

QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

Objectives

Data Collection Method

Survey Methodology and Sampling Frame

Question Development

Questionnaire Design

Informed Consent

INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES

Standardization of Interviews

Completing the Interview

CONCLUSION

References

Vignette: Investigating Foodborne Outbreaks

10 - Applications: Social Vulnerability to Disaster (Hampton and Hertford Counties—Isabel)

INTRODUCTION

PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITY IN HERTFORD COUNTY

PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITY IN THE CITY OF HAMPTON

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AND THE DATA COLLECTION PROCESS

DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND FINDINGS FOR HERTFORD COUNTY

DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND FINDINGS FOR CITY OF HAMPTON

CONCLUSION

References

11 - Applications: Emergency Responder Health Monitoring and Surveillance: Successful Application

BACKGROUND

EMERGENCY RESPONDER HEALTH MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE

GETTING STARTED

SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION

Georgia Department of Public Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

SUMMARY

References

Further Reading

Vignette: Experiences Working With Ebola Virus Disease and Pregnancy in Sierra Leone, 2014

ACTIVITY 1. IMPROVING SCREENING CRITERIA FOR EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

ACTIVITY 2. ADDRESSING BARRIERS TO CARE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN DURING AN EVD OUTBREAK

Acknowledgments

References

12 - Methods: Data Analysis for Disaster Epidemiology

DATA ANALYSIS FOR DISASTER EPIDEMIOLOGY

Descriptive Epidemiology: Data Analysis

Analysis of Survey Data

Analysis of Data for the Assessment of Chemical Exposures Program

Analysis of Data for the Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response

Analytic Epidemiology: Data Analysis

Cohort Studies

Case-Control Studies

Epi Info

CONCLUSION

References

13 - Applications: Biosurveillance, Biodefense, and Biotechnology

PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS—CONCEPTS IN BIOSURVEILLANCE

What is Biosurveillance?

How Does Biosurveillance Contribute to Disaster Preparedness?

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

BIODEFENSE AND OUTBREAK RESPONSE

Significance of Partnerships and International Collaboration

SUMMARY: PROSPECTIVE BIOSURVEILLANCE

References

Vignette: Climate Change Effects on Flooding During Hurricane Sandy (2012)

References

Vignette: Disasters and Chronic Medical Conditions

INTRODUCTION

Examples of the Impact of Disasters on People With Noncommunicable Diseases

ACTION STEPS

SUMMARY

Disclaimer

References

14 - Applications: Disaster Communication and Community Engagement

INTRODUCTION

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Principles

Sum of Risk

Public Information Officer or Spokesperson

RISK COMMUNICATION PLANS

COLLABORATIONS

BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES TO RISK COMMUNICATIONS

Case Study: 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic

CONCLUSIONS

References

Further Reading

Vignette From Recent Responses: Roseburg, Oregon Mass Shooting

15 - What Can Disaster Epidemiology Contribute to Building Resilient Communities?

DEFINING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

CHALLENGES TO COLLECTING AND USING EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA AFTER A DISASTER

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

NEXT STEPS

References

Appendix: Disaster Resources

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

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