Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles

Editorial page

Title page

LCC data

Table of contents

Preface

Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles

1. Preliminary remarks

2. PMs, DMs, their definitions and delimitations: What do we know?

3. PMs, DMs, their definitions and delimitations: Where do we go from here?

4. The status of modal particles: What do we know and where do we go from here?

5. The diachrony of PMs/DMs: What do we know?

6. The diachrony of PMs/DMs: Where do we go from here?

7. PMs/DMs and sociolinguistic variation: What do we know?

8. PMs/DMs and sociolinguistic variation: Where do we go from here?

9. This volume

References

Part 1. General theoretical questions and quantitative approaches

The emergence of Hebrew ‘loydea / loydat’ (‘I dunno MASC/FEM’) from interaction

1. Introduction

2. ‘('ani) lo yode'a / yoda'at’ + object complement constructions

2.1 ‘('ani) lo yode'a / yoda'at’ + Object clause

2.1.1 ‘('ani)’ lo yode'a / yoda'at + object clause opening with ‘ma’ (‘what’): Literal use

2.1.2 ‘('ani) lo yode'a / yoda'at’ + Object clause opening with ‘'im’ (‘if, whether’): Epistemic stance of uncertainty and doubt

2.2 ‘('ani) lo yode'a / yoda'at’ + Question word

2.2.1 Epistemic stance of uncertainty

2.2.2 Repair preface

3. ‘('ani) lo yode'a / yoda'at’ constructions lacking an object

3.1 Literal uses

3.2 Epistemic stance of uncertainty

3.3 Repair preface

3.4 Changing the course of talk

3.4.1 Steering away from an unwanted topic raised by interlocutor

3.4.2 Abrupt change of topic

3.5 Interlude: An interactional approach to discourse markers

3.6 Allowing one’s response to ‘die out’

3.7 Avoiding dispreferred response

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Appendix. Transcription Conventions

Towards a model for discourse marker annotation

Introduction

1. Discourse markers and their rivals

2. Data and method

2.1 Corpora

2.2 Annotation experiment

3. From identification to annotation

3.1 Identification of “potential” discourse markers

3.2 Automatic retrieval from the corpus

3.3 Feature-based annotation in context

4. Operationalization of linguistic features

4.1 Syntactic features

4.2 Semantic-pragmatic features

4.3 Cotextual features

4.4 Degree of certainty

5. Results

5.1 Frequency-based prototypes

5.2 Profiling discourse markers through multifactorial analysis

5.3 Weighing variables through conditional trees

5.4 Procedurality and “pragmatic markers”

5.5 Statistical validity of the model

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Towards an operational category of discourse markers

1. Introduction

2. Definitions in contest

2.1 Terminology

2.2 Partial and overlapping definitions

2.2.1 Discourse markers and pragmatic markers

2.2.2 Discourse markers and modal particles

2.2.3 Discourse markers and subcategories

2.3 Interim discussion

3. Bridging the gap: A corpus-based definition of DMs

3.1 Methodology for an extensive-intensive definition

3.2 Defining DMs with syntax and functions

3.3 Inclusions and exclusions from the category

4. From theory to practice…

4.1 Methodology for a crosslinguistic annotation model

4.2 The model

4.3 Mapping the definition onto its annotation model

5. … and back again: Retrieving membership from annotations

5.1 Relational and non-relational types

5.2 Dual position

5.3 Polysemous DMs

5.4 Hedges: DMs or MPs?

6. Discussion: Reliability and exhaustivity of the definition

7. Conclusion

References

Appendix 1. List of functions grouped by domain

A corpus-based approach to functional markers in Greek

1. Introduction

2. Functional markers in Greek

3. Data and method

4. Positional preferences of Greek functional markers

5. Discussion and conclusions

References

Appendix. Items studied in the paper

Discourse markers and discourse relations

1. Introduction

2. SDRT and Discourse Markers

3. Fragments and DMs

4. An example: The DM quoi

A. Beliefs

B. Intentions

C. Emotions

5. Conclusions

References

Corpus

Part 2. The status of modal particles

Modal particles and Verum focus

1. Speculations on the interactive character of modal particles and Verum focus

1.1 A word on the notion of verum focus

1.2 Applications and empirical links of VF

2. On the specific relation between VF, sentence type, and MP-selection

2.1 Verum focus on grammatical components

2.2 Verum focus and sentence type

3. First generalizations on the data sets

4. MPs in dependent sentences

5. Focused MP: The MP-differential

5.1 The spellout of dialogical MP-intervention

5.2 A caveat: Pitch stress on MP need not be VF

5.3 ‘Nur’ and ‘bloß’ as MP-synonyms?

6. Modal particles as parameters of textual or discursive cohesion

6.1 Sentence typing

7. Synthesis on ILP-SLP and theticity: MPs trigger topicality & stage level predicates

7.1 The theticity constraint

7.2 MPs have stronger illocutive force than modal adverbials

7.3 Generalizations on IL-SL distributions and MP-license

8. Summary and conclusions: The inceptive questions

8.1 Main argument

8.2 Methodology of MP-interpretation

8.3 Criteria of MP-interpretability

8.4 Typological conclusion: the syntactic specificity and uniqueness of MPs as opposed to epistemic adverbials

References

Italian non-canonical negations as modal particles

1. Introduction

2. Romance non-canonical negations as discourse operators

3. The interplay of discourse givenness and hearer’s knowledge

4. Italian ‘mica’: From discourse-old to discourse-new?

5. Italian ‘mica’ in direct questions: MICA1 and MICA2

6. MICA1 vs. MICA2: Polarity and mirativity

7. Discourse-new but speaker-old in questions?

8. Conclusion

References

A format for the description of German modal particles and their functional equivalents in Croatian and English

1. Introduction

2. Modal particles in a cross-linguistic perspective

2.1 German and Croatian modal particles

2.1.1 Formal properties

2.1.2 Functional properties

2.2 Functional equivalents of MPs in Croatian and English

3. A format for the description of modal particles and their functional equivalents in a cross-linguistic perspective

3.1 Precursors

3.2 The descriptive format: The example of German bloβ and its equivalents

4. Outlook: Where do we go from here?

References

Cited corpora

Part 3. Language-specific and diachronic studies

Vocatives as a source category for pragmatic markers

1. Introduction

2. Vocatives and familiarizers

3. Affectivity and expressivity

3.1 Affective stance: A sociolinguistic notion

3.2 Expressive functions of vocative-based markers

4. Functions of discourse organization

5. The evolution of ‘güey’ and ‘alter’

5.1 Sociopragmatic indexicalities

5.2 ‘Güey’

5.3 ‘Alter’

5.4 Discourse markers vs. pragmatic markers

6. Conclusions: Affectivity as a catalyst

References

Paths of development of English DMs

1. Introduction

2. Common trends in the development of English DMs

3. Two case studies

4. Further evidence

5. Discussion

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Grammaticalization of PMs/DMs/MMs in Japanese

1. Introduction

2. Source items and their developmental paths: DMs and MMs

2.1 Connectives of cause/concession vs. connectives of enumeration

2.1.1 Connectives of cause/concession

2.1.2 Connectives of enumeration

2.1.3 Connectives in functional contrast: Two different pathways

2.2 Sino-Japanese nouns vs. formal nouns

2.2.1 Sino-Japanese nouns

2.2.2 Formal nouns

2.2.3 Nouns in functional contrast: Two different pathways

2.3 Quotatives/Quotative conditionals

2.3.1 Quotatives

2.3.2 Quotative conditionals

3. Source Items and their developmental paths: PM

4. Function-Periphery Mapping

5. Implications on Beeching & Detges’ Hypothesis

6. Conclusion

References

Dubitative-corrective constructions in Italian

1. Introduction

2. Semantics and pragmatics of dubitative-corrective constructions

2.1 The dubitative-corrective semantic core

2.2 Pragmatic uses

3. Four case studies: Al limite, al massimo, tutt’al più, casomai

3.1 Al limite ‘and’ al massimo

3.1.1 Al limite

3.1.2 Al massimo

3.2 Tutt’al più

3.3 Casomai

4. Conclusions

References

On the pragmatic expansion of Polish ‘gdzieś tam’ ‘somewhere (there)/about’

1. Preliminaries

2. Dictionary treatment of ‘gdzieś’ and ‘tam’

3. Hedges and hedging

4. Materials and methods

5. Analysis and discussion

5.1 Problematic dichotomy between canonical and non-canonical GDZIEś TAM

5.2 Lexico-grammatical context of GDZIEś TAM

5.2.1 Syntactic scope

5.2.2 Lexical co-occurrences

5.3 Functions of non-canonical GDZIEś TAM

I. Hedging functions

II. Non-hedging function – ‘gdzieś tam’ as a marker of concept framing

6. Concluding remarks

References

A pragmatic approach to Joseph Wright’s ‘English Dialect Dictionary’

1. Introduction

2. Definition and methodology

3. Case studies

3.1 Aweel

3.2 Lor-a-massy

3.3 Arrah

4. Conclusions

References

Part 4. Language contact and variation

Italian discourse markers and modal particles in contact

1. Introduction

1.1 Italian discourse markers and modal particles

1.2 Discourse markers and modal particles in contact

2. Corpus

3. Analysis

3.1 Interactional function

3.2 Metatextual function

3.3 Cognitive function

3.4 Val Gardena and Val Badia data

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

References

Functional markers in llanito code-switching

1. Introduction: Functional markers in bilingual speech

2. Data and methods

2.1 Code switching in Gibraltar

2.2 Regular patterns in code switching

3. Pragmatic markers

3.1 ‘No’: Turn yielding, agreement and something more

3.2 ‘Mira’ as an attention getter

4. Textual relations

4.1 Beyond discourse markers

5. Modality and illocution

5.1 Modality

5.2 Markers of illocution

6. Discussion and conclusions

References

Just a suggestion

1. Introduction

2. The role of French in the history of English

3. Regional variation, ‘false friends’ and pragmaticalisation

4. External and socio-interactional factors, (cognitive) regularities and the role of persistence in semantic change

5. The main senses of ‘just/e’ in English and French

6. Are ‘just/juste’ false friends?: A comparison of distributional frequencies and usages in English and French

6.1 Distributional frequencies

6.2 Justement

6.3 Intensifying juste: La Tour Eiffel est juste immense

6.4 Towards a semantic map for just/juste

7. Conclusion

References

Name index

Language index

Subject index