Hazardous Pollutants in Biological Treatment Systems examines the behaviour, removal and effects of hazardous pollutants in biological treatment. While in former years the main aim in biological treatment was the removal of bulk organic matter or nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, due to the discharge of a number of specific inorganic or organic hazardous compounds into wastewater treatment systems, this issue is becoming increasingly important. There is also concern about the presence of hazardous pollutants in drinking water treatment, since water bodies are contaminated with them. Although in wastewater or water treatment systems hazardous pollutants are often found at a few mg/L or even lower concentrations (micropollutants:microgram/L or nanogram/L), their removal and effects are quite problematic. While implementation of physicochemical processes is more straightforward and better understood, there are still many unresolved issues regarding the removal and fate of hazardous pollutants in biological processes.
The book focuses entirely on hazardous pollutants in biological treatment systems alone and delineates the fundamental characteristics of hazardous pollutants and concentrate on their behaviour and effects in biological treatment systems. Its content ranges from description of fundamental removal mechanisms to application of biological processes as well as to experimental methods based on the process characterization approach and the
Chapter
2.2.4 Tools for estimating the physicochemical properties, exposure and toxicity hazard of pollutants
2.3 ORIGINS AND OCCURRENCE OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS IN WATER ENVIRONMENT
2.3.1 Persistent organic pollutants
2.3.3 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
2.4 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS
2.4.1 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of the United States
2.4.2 Toxic Substances Management Policy (TSMP) of Canada
2.4.3 Regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) of the European Union
2.5 SELECTED GROUPS OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS
Chapter 3: Quantification of hazardous pollutants in biological systems
3.1.1 Environmental quantitative analysis
3.1.2 Hazardous pollutants in biological systems
3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
3.2.1 Good laboratory practices
3.3 QUANTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS
3.3.1 Perfluorinated compounds
3.3.1.1 Sample preparation for perfluorinated compounds
3.3.1.2 Instrumental determination of perfluorinated compounds
3.3.2 Polybrominated diphenylethers
3.3.2.1 Sample preparation for polybrominated diphenylethers
3.3.2.2 Instrumental determination of polybrominated diphenylethers
3.3.3 Polychlorinated compounds
3.3.3.1 Sample preparation for polychlorinated compounds
3.3.3.2 Instrumental determination of polychlorinated compounds
3.3.4.1 Sample preparation for alkyl phenols
3.3.4.2 Instrumental determination of alkyl phenols
3.3.5 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
3.3.5.1 Sample preparation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products
3.3.5.2 Instrumental determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
3.3.6.1 Sample preparation for estrogens
3.3.6.2 Instrumental determination of estrogens
3.3.7 Disinfection by-products
3.3.7.1 Sample preparation for disinfection by-products
3.3.7.2 Instrumental determination of disinfection by-products
3.3.8.1 Sample preparation for nanomaterials
3.3.8.2 Instrumental determination of nanomaterials
3.3.9.1 Sample preparation for metals
3.3.9.2 Instrumental determination of metals
3.3.10.1 Sample preparation for pathogens
3.3.10.2 Instrumental determination of pathogens
Chapter 4: Removal and behavior of hazardous pollutants in biological treatment systems
4.2 IMPORTANCE OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS IN BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
4.3 HAZARDOUS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS: BASIC REMOVAL MECHANISMS
4.3.1 Biodegradation and biotransformation
4.3.1.1 Primary, acceptable and ultimate biodegradation
4.3.1.2 Effect of substrate properties on biodegradation
4.3.1.3 Hazardous organics: Elimination as primary, secondary or cometabolic substrates
4.3.2 Removal of hazardous organic pollutants by biosorption
4.3.2.1 Relative rates of biosorption and biodegradation
4.3.2.2 Expression of biosorption
4.3.2.3 Importance of speciation in sorption of hazardous organics
4.3.2.4 Impact of sorption on biodegradation
4.3.2.5 Sorption of hazardous organics to different solids
4.3.2.6 Fate of hazardous organics in anaerobic sludge digestion
4.3.3 Other abiotic mechanisms leading to removal of hazardous organics
4.4 IMPACT OF PROCESS CONFIGURATION ON REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS ORGANICS
4.4.1 Biomass configuration: suspended- versus attached-growth (biofilm) operation
4.4.2 Importance of hydraulic regime in bioreactors
4.4.3 Impact of different treatment units
4.4.4 Conventional biological treatment and Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR)
4.4.5 Combination of biological treatment with advanced physicochemical treatment
4.4.5.1 Combination of biological treatment with activated carbon adsorption
4.4.5.2 Combination of biological treatment with oxidative treatment
4.5 HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS AND THEIR INHIBITORY EFFECTS
4.5.1 Brief review of inhibition
4.5.2.1 Competitive inhibition
4.5.2.2 Uncompetitive inhibition
4.5.2.4 Non-competitive inhibition
4.5.2.5 Substrate inhibition
4.5.2.6 Product inhibition
4.6 IMPACT OF NITRIFICATION ON REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS ORGANICS BY COMETABOLISM
4.6.1 Role of nitrifiers in cometabolism
4.6.2 Occurrence of cometabolism in nitrifying sludges
4.6.3 Factors affecting cometabolic removal of hazardous organics in nitrification
4.7 IMPACT OF REDOX CONDITIONS ON BIODEGRADATION OF HAZARDOUS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
4.7.1 Expression of biodegradation rates
4.7.2 Biodegradation rates at different redox conditions
4.8 BRIEF LOOK AT MODELING OF HAZARDOUS ORGANICS REMOVAL
4.8.1 Basic mass balance describing removal of pollutants
4.8.2 Extension of biodegradation models to include hazardous organics
4.9 BEHAVIOR OF HAZARDOUS INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
4.9.1 Metals in biological treatment systems
4.9.1.1 Speciation of metals
4.9.1.2 Consequences of metal speciation for biological treatment
4.9.1.3 Biotransformation of metals
4.9.1.4 Biosorption of metals
4.9.1.5 Inhibitory effects of metals on biological treatment
4.9.1.6 Nanometals in biological treatment: Speciation, fate and effects
4.9.2 Hazardous ions in biological treatment
Chapter 5: Experimental assessment of the inhibitory effect and biodegradation of hazardous pollutants
5.2 DECIDING ON EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS
5.2.1 Closed versus open bioreactors
5.2.2 Batch versus continuous-flow bioreactors
5.2.3 Suspended- versus attached-growth (biofilm) reactors
5.2.4 Evaluation of abiotic removal
5.3 INHIBITION EXPERIMENTS
5.3.1 Why do we need inhibition tests?
5.3.2 Strategies for the design of inhibition experiments
5.3.3 Monitoring methods in inhibition experiments
5.3.3.1 Utilization of terminal electron acceptor
5.3.3.2 Product formation
5.3.3.3 Degradation of growth-substrate
5.3.3.4 Degradation of inhibitory and biodegradable pollutants
5.3.3.6 Bacterial luminescence
5.3.3.7 Response of microbial population to an inhibitor
5.3.4 Inhibition kinetics and data analysis
5.3.4.1 Estimation of the kinetic parameters in degradation of growth-substrate
5.3.4.2 Determination of inhibition kinetics and inhibition type
5.3.5 Critical appraisal of standard inhibition tests and suggestions
5.4 BIODEGRADATION EXPERIMENTS
5.4.1 Why do we need biodegradation experiments?
5.4.2 Types of biodegradation experiments
5.4.3 Prior information on biodegradability of a test substance
5.4.4 Screening (ready biodegradability) tests
5.4.4.1 Aerobic biodegradability of a test substance
5.4.4.2 Anoxic biodegradability of a test substance
5.4.4.3 Anaerobic biodegradability of a test substance
5.4.4.4 Shortcomings of screening (ready biodegradability) tests
5.4.5 Inherent biodegradability tests
5.4.6.1 Simulation tests in suspended-growth systems
5.4.6.2 Simulation tests in attached-growth (biofilm) systems
Chapter 6: Removal of hazardous pollutants in full-scale wastewater treatment plants
6.2 PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS
6.2.1 Estrogens and other endocrine disrupting compounds
6.2.2 Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
6.2.3 Antimicrobial agents and sunscreens
6.3 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
6.4 AGRICULTURAL POLLUTANTS
Chapter 7: Integrating microbial and molecular tools to determine the fate and impact of hazardous pollutants
7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE “DEGRADER”
7.2.1 Culture-dependent methods
7.2.1.1 Enrichment and isolation
7.2.1.3 Phylogenetic classification of the degrader isolates
7.2.2 Culture-independent methods
7.2.2.1 Stable isotope probing (SIP)
7.2.2.2 Isotope microarray
7.2.2.3 Fluorescent in situ hybridization – microautoradiography (FISH-MAR)
7.2.2.4 Single cell probing
7.3 ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTANT IMPACT
7.3.1 Microbial community structure
7.3.1.1 16 S rRNA gene cloning
7.3.1.4 Microarrays: GeoChip and Phylochip
7.3.1.5 Metagenomics: targeted and non-targeted
7.3.2 Mutations, gene transfer and antibiotic resistance
7.4 GENETIC INSIGHTS INTO BIODEGRADATION
7.4.1 Metatranscriptomics
7.4.3 Comparative genomics
Chapter 8: Biological removal of hazardous pollutants in drinking water treatment
8.1 BIOLOGICAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT BACKGROUND
8.2.1 Biodegradable organic compounds
8.2.2 Process configurations
8.2.3 Factors affecting performance
8.3 GROUNDWATER – AEROBIC TREATMENT
8.3.1 Process configurations
8.3.1.1 Pressure vessel reactors
8.3.1.2 Open basin reactors
8.3.1.3 Single-stage versus multi-stage reactors
8.3.2 Factors affecting aerobic treatment of groundwater
8.3.2.2 Empty bed contact time (EBCT)
8.3.2.3 Pollutant concentration
8.3.2.4 Presence of co-pollutants
8.3.2.6 Nutrient availability
8.3.2.8 Biomass maintenance
8.3.3 Pollutant removal performance
8.4 GROUNDWATER – ANOXIC/ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
8.4.1 Process configurations
8.4.1.1 Fixed-bed bioreactor
8.4.1.2 Fluidized-bed bioreactor
8.4.1.3 Membrane biofilm reactors
8.4.1.4 Ion exchange membrane bioreactors
8.4.1.5 CSTR-based bioreactors
8.4.2 Process considerations
8.4.2.2 Substrate selection and dose
8.4.2.3 Nutrient availability
8.4.2.7 Biomass waste handling
8.4.2.8 Monitoring and control
8.4.2.9 Operator training
8.4.3 Pollutant removal performance
8.5 TESTING BIOTREATMENT PROCESSES
8.5.3 Experimental design
8.5.3.2 Process configuration and biogrowth support medium
8.5.3.3 Biological acclimation
8.5.3.5 Biomass control strategy
8.5.3.6 Influent water quality and seasonal variability
8.5.3.7 Performance enhancement strategies
Chapter 9: Future aspects of hazardous pollutants and their biological removal
9.1 NEW CHEMICALS, NEW REGULATIONS
9.2 BARRIER OF “LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATION” AND STANDARDIZATION OF INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
9.3 BIODEGRADATION TESTING NEEDS STANDARDIZATION AND HIGH THROUGHPUT
9.4 ENGINEERS CANNOT UNDERESTIMATE “OMICS” NOW
9.5 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS
Hazardous Pollutants in Biological Treatment Systems
：A Guide to Fundamentals and Experimental Research
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