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Advances in Heat Transfer

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Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter One: Validation of Turbulence Models for Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Convective Heat Transfer

1. Introduction

2. Plan of the Presentation

3. Case (1): Turbulent Swirl Flow in a Diffuser

3.1. Two-Equation Turbulence Models for Case (1)

3.1.1. ĸ-ε Model for Case (1)

3.1.2. RNG ĸ-ε Model for Case (1)

3.1.3. ĸ-ω Model for Case (1)

3.1.4. SST ĸ-ω Model for Case (1)

3.2. LES Turbulence (WALE) Model for Case (1)

3.3. Dimensionless Constants for the Selected Turbulence Models

3.4. Numerical Approach for Case (1)

3.5. Evaluation of the ĸ-ε Model for Case (1)

3.6. Evaluation of the RNG ĸ-ε Model for Case (1)

3.7. Evaluation of the ĸ-ω Model for Case (1)

3.8. Evaluation of the SST ĸ-ω Model for Case (1)

3.9. Evaluation of the LES (WALE) Model for Case (1)

3.10. Summary of the Turbulence Model Evaluations for Case (1)

4. Case (2): Turbulent Flow in a Pipe Bend

4.1. Physical Situation for Case (2)

4.2. Numerical Approach for Case (2)

4.3. Evaluation of the SST ĸ-ω Model for Case (2)

4.4. Summary of the SST ĸ-ω Model Evaluation for Case (2)

5. Case (3): Turbulent Flow in Round Pipes

5.1. Physical Situation for Case (3) Round Pipes

5.2. Numerical Approach for Case (3) Round Pipes

5.3. Evaluation of the SST ĸ-ω Model for Velocity Profiles in Case (3)

5.4. Evaluation of the SST ĸ-ω Model for Heat Transfer in Case (3)

5.5. Summary of the SST ĸ-ω Model Evaluation for Case (3)

6. Case (4): Turbulent Flow in a Rectangular Duct

6.1. Physical Situation for Case (4) Rectangular Duct

6.2. Numerical Approach for Case (4) Rectangular Duct

6.3. Evaluation of the SST ĸ-ω Model in Case (4)

6.4. Summary of the SST ĸ-ω Model Evaluation for Case (4)

7. Case (5): Turbulent Flow in Perforated Plates

7.1. Physical Situation for Case (5)

7.2. Numerical Approach for Case (5)

7.3. Evaluation of the SST ĸ-ω Model for Case (5)

7.4. Summary of the SST ĸ-ω Model Evaluation for Case (5)

8. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter Two: Advanced Heat Transfer Topics in Complex Duct Flows

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Setup and Procedures

2.1. Test Facility

3. Liquid Crystal Thermography (LCT)

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Measuring Principles

3.3. Estimation of Experimental Uncertainty

3.4. Calibration of LCT

3.5. Application of LCT

3.6. Some Problems and Suggested Remedies

4. Computational Heat Transfer

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Governing Equations

4.3. Numerical Solution of the Governing Equations

4.4. The FVM

4.5. Convection and Diffusion Fluxes

4.6. Source Term

4.7. Solution of the Discretized Equations

4.8. Handling Pressure in the Momentum Equations

4.9. Solution Procedures for the Momentum Equations

4.10. Convergence

4.11. Number of Grid Points and Control Volumes

4.12. Complex Geometries

4.13. The CFD Approach

4.14. Turbulence Models

4.15. Handling Wall Effects

4.16. CFD Codes

5. Duct Surface Configurations Considered

5.1. Ribbed Ducts

5.2. Obstacles in the Flow Passage

5.3. Interaction Between Ribs and an Obstacle

5.4. Impinging Jets

5.4.1. Setup

6. Results

6.1. Smooth Rectangular Duct

6.2. CFD and Experimental Results

6.2.1. Details of the Numerical Investigation and Smooth Duct

6.2.2. Ribbed Ducts

6.2.3. Influence of Rib Height

6.3. Interaction Between Rib and Obstacles

6.4. Obstacle With a Vortex Pair

6.5. Impinging Jet

7. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Three: Advances in Film Cooling Heat Transfer

1. Introduction

2. Basic Definitions

2.1. Performance Metrics

2.2. Coolant Flow Parameters

2.3. Injection Geometry

3. Introduction to Slot Film Cooling

4. Discrete Hole Film Cooling

4.1. Flow Structures

4.2. Injection Flow Parameters (Blowing Ratio, Momentum Ratio, and Density Ratio)

4.3. Injection Geometry

4.3.1. Injection Angle

4.3.2. Hole Shape

4.4. Mainstream Flow Effects

4.4.1. Curvature and Pressure Gradient Effects

4.4.2. Freestream Turbulence and Incoming Wakes

4.4.3. Mainstream Mach Number

4.4.4. Approach Boundary Layer

4.5. Active Control

5. Full Vane Studies

6. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Four: Flow Boiling in Microchannels

1. Introduction

2. Macro-to-Microscale Transition

2.1. Transition Criteria Based on the Critical Diameter

2.2. Transition Criteria Based on the Bond Number

2.3. Transition Criteria Based on the Bubble Departure Diameter

3. Flow Patterns

3.1. Flow Map of Akbar et al. [35]

3.2. Flow Map of Ullmann and Brauner [31]

3.3. Flow Map of Revellin and Thome [39]

3.4. Toward a Unified Multi-scale Mechanistic Flow Pattern Map

4. Void Fraction

5. Pressure Drop

6. Heat Transfer

7. Critical Heat Flux

8. Flow Pattern-Based Mechanistic Models

8.1. Three-Zone Heat Transfer Model for Slug Flow in Microchannels

8.2. Unified Modeling Suite for Annular Flow in Macro- and Microchannels

8.2.1. Void Fraction

8.2.2. Entrained Liquid Fraction

8.2.3. Pressure Drop

8.2.4. Heat Transfer

9. Good Practice Recommendations

10. Conclusions and Future Research Needs

References

Chapter Five: Flow Boiling and Flow Condensation in Reduced Gravity

1. Introduction

1.1. Research Needs to Support Future Space Missions

1.2. Influence of Reduced Gravity on Flow Boiling and Condensation

1.3. Microgravity Testing Platforms

1.4. The NASA Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment for the ISS

1.5. Objectives of This Chapter

2. Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and CHF in Reduced Gravity

2.1. Optimum Flow Boiling Configuration for Space Thermal Management

2.2. Models and Correlation for Flow Boiling CHF at 1 ge

2.3. Terrestrial Studies on Influence of Body Force on Flow Boiling

2.3.1. Rationale and Limitations of Simulating Reduced Gravity Boiling by Tilting Heated Wall Relative to Earth Gravity

2.3.2. Terrestrial Studies on the Influence of Flow Orientation on Flow Boiling and CHF

2.3.3. Criteria for Negating Body Force Effects Based on Terrestrial Experiments Involving Different Flow Orientations

2.4. Pool Boiling in Reduced Gravity

2.5. Adiabatic Two-Phase Flow in Microgravity

2.6. Two-Phase Flow Boiling Patterns and Transitions in Microgravity

2.7. Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Microgravity

2.8. Flow Boiling CHF in Microgravity

2.8.1. CHF for Subcooled Inlet Conditions

2.8.2. Interfacial Lift-off Model for Flow Boiling CHF

2.8.3. Pre-ISS Parabolic Flight Flow Boiling CHF Experiments Using the FBCEs FBM

3. Flow Condensation in Reduced Gravity

3.1. Fundamental Challenges to Accurate Prediction of Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flow Condensation in ...

3.2. Terrestrial Studies on the Influence of Body Force on Flow Condensation

3.2.1. Flow Orientation Effects on Flow Condensation at 1 ge

3.2.2. Recent Assessment of Condensation Flow Regimes for Different Orientations Relative to Earth Gravity

3.2.3. Criteria for Negating Body Force Effects Based on Terrestrial Experiments Involving Different Flow Orientations at ...

3.3. Flow Condensation in Reduced Gravity

3.3.1. Parabolic Flight Hardware

3.3.2. Interfacial Behavior of Annular Condensation Film in Microgravity

3.3.3. Condensation Heat Transfer Microgravity Data

3.3.4. Theoretical Model for Annular Flow Condensation in Microgravity

4. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment

References

Author Index

Subject Index

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