Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

1. Pollen biology and pollen biotechnology: an introduction

Pollen biology

Pollen biotechnology

Optimization of crop yield

Hybrid seed production

Plant breeding

Production of other economic products

References

Part I. Pollen biology: an overview

2. Pollen development and pollen-pistil interaction

Summary

Introduction

Pollen development

Syncytium and isolation

Cytoplasmic reorganization

Microspore development

The tapetum

Structure of the pistil

The stigma

The style

Ovary and ovule

Pollen-pistil interaction

Pollen viability and stigma receptivity

Pollination stimulus

Pollen adhesion and hydration

Pollen germination

Pollen tube entry into the stigma and growth through the style

Pollen tube entry into the ovule

Double fertilization

Pollen tube guidance

Significance of pollen-pistil interaction

Acknowledgments

References

3. Gene expression during pollen development

Summary

Introduction

General pollen development

Numbers of pollen-expressed and pollen-specific genes

Timing of pollen gene expression

Pollen-specific genes

Expression of genes with homology to wall-degrading enzymes

Expression of genes with homology to cytoskeletal proteins

Pollen allergens

Other pollen-specific genes

Promoter sequence elements responsible for pollen specificity

Separable regulation of gametophytic and sporophytic expression

Trans-species expression of pollen-specific genes

Conclusions

References

4. Pollination biology and plant breeding systems

Summary

Introduction

Advertisements and rewards

Advertisements

Rewards

Breeding or mating systems

Pollen movement and neighborhoods

Evolutionary dynamics

Conclusion

References

Part II. Pollen biotechnology and optimization of crop yield

5. Pollination efficiency of insects

Summary

Introduction

Interactions between foraging insects

Comparative pollinating abilities of insect sexes and castes

Influence of insect tongue length on flower visitation pattern

Influence on pollen movement of pollen grain traits and insect body hairs

Pollination by bees foraging for nectar or pollen

Quantified removal of pollen by insects, and associated losses of pollen from flowers

How best to evaluate an insect's importance as a pollinator on the flower?

References

6. Pollination constraints and management of pollinating insects for crop production

Summary

Introduction

Increasing pollinator visitation rates

Enhancing populations of native pollinators

Importing commercially managed pollinators

Maintaining pollinator populations on the target crops

Spatial distribution of foragers on the crop

Resource limitation and managing overpollination

Increasing rate and quality of pollen transfer

Agronomic practices

Pollinator food preference

Within-colony pollen transfer

Input costs

Costs of increasing floral visitation rates

Costs of increasing the rate and quality of pollen transfer

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part III. Pollen biotechnology and hybrid seed production

7. Cytoplasmic male sterility

Summary

Introduction

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) origins

CMS characterization

CMS mechanism of action

Heterosis and other advantages of hybrids

CMS utilization in hybrid seed production

CMS limitations

CMS future developments

Acknowledgments

References

8. Genie male sterility

Summary

Introduction

Genetics and morphology of GMS mutants

Environmental effects

Temperature

Photoperiod

Cytological changes

Biochemical changes

Amino acids

Soluble proteins

Enzymes

Hormones and male sterility

Use of genie male sterility in hybrid programs

Conclusions

References

9. Self-incompatibility

Summary

Introduction

Gametophytic self-incompatibility

Structural aspects

The biochemical basis of GSI

Molecular cloning ofS-gene products and S-locus structure

Mechanism of the SI response

Two-locus gametophytic SI systems

Genetics

The operation of bifactorial SI

Sporophytic self-incompatibility

History and phenomenology

Primary structure ofS-locus glycoproteins

Other families of glycoproteins homologous to SLSGs

S-gene action in Brassica

Diallelic sporophytic SI and heteromorphy

Features associated with heteromorphic SI

Operation ofdiallelic SI

SI: The current position

Acknowledgments

References

10. Chemical induction of male sterility

Summary

Introduction: Tools and insights into pollen development

The logic of chemical hybridization

CHAs and pollen development

Plant-growth regulators and substances that disrupt floral development

Metabolic inhibitors

Inhibitors of microspore development

Inhibitors of pollen fertility

Phloem mobility and CHA activity

CHAs and anther culture

Prospects

Acknowledgment

References

11. Male sterility through recombinant DNA technology

Summary

Introduction: The importance and production of F1 hybrid varieties

Anther- and pollen-specific gene expression

Pollination control systems: I. Dominant male-sterility genes

Dominant genes for male sterility

Fertility restoration

Production of100% male-sterile populations

Pollination control systems: II. Recessive male sterility

Pollination control systems: III. Targeted gametocide

Pollination control systems: IV. Dual method

Genetically engineered pollination control systems versus CMS

Conclusions: Future prospects for genetically engineered pollination control systems

Acknowledgments

References

Part IV. Pollen biotechnology and plant breeding

12. Barriers to hybridization

Summary

Introduction

Classification of barriers

I. Temporal and spatial isolation of parental species

II. Prefertilization barriers

Unilateral incompatibility

Active versus passive inhibition

Inhibition on the stigma surface

Inhibition in the stigma and style

Inhibition in the ovary

III. Postfertilization barriers

Concluding remarks

References

13. Methods for overcoming interspecific crossing barriers

Summary

Introduction

Techniques for overcoming stigmatal and stylar barriers

Genetic variation in interspecific crossability

Use of mixed and mentor pollen

Influence of environmental conditions

Style and ovary manipulations

Chemical treatments

Techniques for overcoming postfertilization barriers

Ovary culture and ovary-slice culture

Ovule culture

Embryo culture

Integrated techniques for overcoming pre- and postfertilization barriers

Techniques for overcoming Fx sterility

Chromosome doubling

Application of2n-gametes

Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

14. Storage of pollen

Summary

Introduction

Taxonomic differences in the longevity of pollen

Factors affecting pollen viability and storability

Causes of the loss of pollen viability

Biochemical changes in pollen

Desiccation and cellular changes of pollen

Short-term storage of pollen

Effect of temperature and humidity

Pollen storage in organic solvents

Long-term storage of pollen

Storage at sub-zero temperatures

Freeze- or vacuum-drying (lyophilization)

Cryopreservation by deep-freezing

Storage of graminaceous pollen in deep-frozen conditions

Estimation of pollen viability after storage

Quick methods based on enzyme assay

Pollen germination in vitro

Pollen germination on the stigma

Fruit and seed set

References

15. Mentor effects in pistil-mediated pollen-pollen interactions

Summary

Introduction

Review of cases reported

Overview of cases by crops

Mentor treatments and their efficiency

Mentor pollen functions

Pistil-mediated pollen-pollen interactions

Hypotheses on the mechanism of mentor pollen action

Conclusions

References

16. Pollen tube growth and pollen selection

Summary

Introduction

In vitro pollen germination and tube growth

Pollen germination and tube growth in vivo

Genetic control of pollen competitive ability

Pollen-pollen and pollen-pistil interaction

Role of the pistil in pollen function

Genetic control of pollen-pistil interaction

Applications in plant breeding

Pollen assay for the identification of plants with desirable traits

Pollen selection

Concluding remarks

References

17. Isolation and manipulation of sperm cells

Summary

Introduction

Isolation of sperm cells

Pollen pretreatment is important

Extrusion of pollen cytoplasm and sperm cells

Purification of sperm cells

Microbiological sterility of pollen

Assessment of sperm cell numbers and viability

Microscopical methods

Dye exclusion and uptake

Fluorescent procedures

Flow cytometry

Further analysis of Brewbaker-Kwack salts

Cell number determinations

Manipulation of isolated sperm cells

Manipulations of sperm cells leading to fusions with isolated egg cells

Other types of manipulations

A new way to look at fusion using isolated sperm cells

Prospects for sperm cell research

References

18. Isolation and micromanipulation of the embryo sac and egg cell in maize

Summary

Introduction

Progress in the cell biology of the embryo sac and egg cell in maize

Maize as a model system

The embryo sac and female germ unit

Manipulation of the embryo sac

Isolation and characterization of egg cells

In vitro manipulation of the egg and sperm cells

Conclusions

References

19. In vitro fertilization with single isolated gametes

Summary

Introduction

Isolation and selection of male and female gametes, synergids, and central cells

In vitro fusion of male and female gametes

Culture of in vitro-produced zygotes and plant regeneration

Concluding remarks and prospects

Acknowledgments

References

20. Pollen embryos

Summary

Introduction

Anther and microspore culture

Factors affecting pollen embryogenesis

Genotype

Donor plant physiology

Stage of microspore development

Medium composition

Culture conditions

Developmental aspects of pollen embryogenesis

Comparison of zygotic and pollen embryos

Pollen embryo maturation

Plant regeneration and doubled haploid production

Utilization of pollen embryos

Breeding and genetic studies

Mutation and selection

Gene transfer

Biochemical and physiological studies

Artificial seeds and germplasm storage technology

Conclusions and future potentials

References

21. Use of pollen in gene transfer

Summary

Significance of pollen transformation for crop improvement

Successful gene transfer into pollen by particle bombardment

Promoters from anther- and pollen-expressed genes

Formation of haploid plants from transformed pollen cells

Direct pollination with bombarded pollen grains to obtain transgenic seeds

Acknowledgments

References

Index