Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society :Bahia, 1550–1835 ( Cambridge Latin American Studies )

Publication subTitle :Bahia, 1550–1835

Publication series :Cambridge Latin American Studies

Author: Stuart B. Schwartz  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 1986

E-ISBN: 9780511870712

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521313995

Subject: K1 World History

Keyword: 世界史

Language: ENG

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Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society

Description

This study examines the history of the sugar economy and the peculiar development of plantation society over a three hundred year period in Bahia, a major sugar plantation zone and an important terminus of the Atlantic slave trade. Drawing on little-used archival sources, plantations accounts, and notarial records, Professor Schwartz has examined through both quantitative and qualitative methods the various groups that made up plantation society. While he devotes much attention to masters and slaves, he views slavery ultimately as part of a larger structure of social and economic relations. The peculiarities of sugar-making and the nature of plantation labour are used throughout the book as keys to an understanding of roles and relationships in plantation society. A comparative perspective is also employed, so that studies of slavery elsewhere in the Americas inform the analysis, while at many points direct comparisons of the Bahian case with other plantation societies are also made.

Chapter

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

List of figures, maps, and tables

Preface

Abbreviations and special terms

Weights and measures

Part I. Formations, 1500-1600

1. The sugar plantation: from the Old World to the New

Expansion: slavery and commerce

Atlantic-island precedents

Brazilian beginnings

Engenhos and society

2. A wasted generation: commercial agriculture and Indian laborers

The Indians

Responses to the European economy

Slaves, peasants, or proletarians

The disaster of contact: Portuguese and Indian readjustments

Santidade and resistance

3. First slavery: from Indian to African

Indian labor: terminology, acquisition, and types

The ethnic composition of the Indian slave force

Acculturation and interaction

From Indian to African

Part II. The Bahian engenhos and their world

4. The Reconcavo

5. Safra: the ways of sugar making

The safra

From cane to crate

The search for improvements

6. Workers in the cane, workers at the mill

Work in field and factory

Labor force: size and organization

Work requirements and the slave regime

7. The Bahian sugar trade to 1750

From growth to decline to resurgence

Prices and production

Hard times: enemies and competitors

Attempts at recovery

Planter strategies

8. A noble business: profits and costs

Capital and credit

Property values

Costs and returns

The "mystery" of Engenho Sergipe

Returns and profits

Part III. Sugar society

9. A colonial slave society

Social ideology and Brazilian reality

A slave society

A feudal society?

The state and society

10. The planters: masters of men and cane

The planter class

The planters in society

The planter way of life

Family and property

11. The cane farmers

Tenure and obligations

Social composition and relations

Mobility and conflict

12. Wage workers in a slave economy

Categories of salaried employees

Workers and wages at Engenho Sergipe

Wage levels

Freedmen and freedwomen

Social positions

13. The Bahian slave population

The slave trade

Sex, age, and origins

Fertility and marriage

Death in the tropics

Life and death at Fazenda Saubara

14. The slave family and the limitations of slavery

Family formation

Family structure: the example of Engenho Santana

The greater family: ritual kinship

Part IV. Reorientation and persistence, 1750-1835

15. Resurgence

The Pombaline reforms

Bahia and the Pombaline reforms

Sugar's recovery

Economic growth and social stress

16. The structure of Bahian slaveholding

Patterns of slaveholding

Bahian slaveholding in the Brazilian context

Slaveholding and Bahian slavery

17. Important occasions: the war to end Bahian slavery

Endemic resistance: the mocambos

The revolts: contexts and consciousness

The war against Bahian slavery

Appendixes

A. The problem of Engenho Sergipe do Conde

B. The estimated price of white sugar at the mill in Bahia

C. The value of Bahian sugar exports, 1698-1766

Notes

Chapter 1. The sugar plantation: from the Old World to the New

Chapter 2. A wasted generation: commercial agriculture and Indian laborers

Chapter 3. First slavery: from Indian to African

Chapter 4. The Reconcavo

Chapter 5. Safra: the ways of sugar making

Chapter 6. Workers in the cane, workers at the mill

Chapter 7. The Bahian sugar trade to 1750

Chapter 8. A noble business: profits and costs

Chapter 9. A colonial slave so

Chapter 10. The planters: masters of men and cane

Chapter 11. The cane farmers

Chapter 12. Wage workers in a slave economy

Chapter 13. The Bahian slave population

Chapter 14. The slave family and the limitations of slavery

Chapter 15. Resurgence

Chapter 16. The structure of Bahian slaveholding

Chapter 17. Important occasions: the war to end Bahian slav

Appendix A. The problem of Engenho Sergipe do

Glossary

Sources and selected bibliography

Sources of figures

Index

From cane to crate

The search for improvements

6. Workers in the cane, workers at the mill

Work in field and factory

Labor force: size and organization

Work requirements and the slave regime

7. The Bahian sugar trade to 1750

From growth to decline to resurgence

Prices and production

Hard times: enemies and competitors

Attempts at recovery

Planter strategies

8. A noble business: profits and costs

Capital and credit

Property values

Costs and returns

The "mystery" of Engenho Sergipe

Returns and profits

Part III. Sugar society

9. A colonial slave society

Social ideology and Brazilian reality

A slave society

A feudal society?

The state and society

10. The planters: masters of men and cane

The planter class

The planters in society

The planter way of life

Family and property

11. The cane farmers

Tenure and obligations

Social composition and relations

Mobility and conflict

12. Wage workers in a slave economy

Categories of salaried employees

Workers and wages at Engenho Sergipe

Wage levels

Freedmen and freedwomen

Social positions

13. The Bahian slave population

The slave trade

Sex, age, and origins

Fertility and marriage

Death in the tropics

Life and death at Fazenda Saubara

14. The slave family and the limitations of slavery

Family formation

Family structure: the example of Engenho Santana

The greater family: ritual kinship

Part IV. Reorientation and persistence, 1750-1835

15. Resurgence

The Pombaline reforms

Bahia and the Pombaline reforms

Sugar's recovery

Economic growth and social stress

16. The structure of Bahian slaveholding

Patterns of slaveholding

Bahian slaveholding in the Brazilian context

Slaveholding and Bahian slavery

17. Important occasions: the war to end Bahian slavery

Endemic resistance: the mocambos

The revolts: contexts and consciousness

The war against Bahian slavery

Appendixes

A. The problem of Engenho Sergipe do Conde

B. The estimated price of white sugar at the mill in Bahia

C. The value of Bahian sugar exports, 1698-1766

Notes

Chapter 1. The sugar plantation: from the Old World to the New

Chapter 2. A wasted generation: commercial agriculture and Indian laborers

Chapter 3. First slavery: from Indian to African

Chapter 4. The Reconcavo

Chapter 5. Safra: the ways of sugar making

Chapter 6. Workers in the cane, workers at the mill

Chapter 7. The Bahian sugar trade to 1750

Chapter 8. A noble business: profits and costs

Chapter 9. A colonial slave so

Chapter 10. The planters: masters of men and cane

Chapter 11. The cane farmers

Chapter 12. Wage workers in a slave economy

Chapter 13. The Bahian slave population

Chapter 14. The slave family and the limitations of slavery

Chapter 15. Resurgence

Chapter 16. The structure of Bahian slaveholding

Chapter 17. Important occasions: the war to end Bahian slav

Appendix A. The problem of Engenho Sergipe do

Glossary

Sources and selected bibliography

Sources of figures

Index

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