Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Contents

Foreword

1 Introduction

Why study overwintering?

What is overwintering?

Advantages and disadvantages of overwintering

2 The overwintering locale - suitability and selection

Introduction

The winter habitat - regional climate

Terrain and overwintering success

Effects of local habitat

Selection of the overwintering site

3 The stimuli controlling diapause and overwintering

Introduction

The induction of the overwintering state

Maintenance and termination of the overwintering state

Re-entry into a second period of winter diapause

Sex and the response to overwintering cues

Overwintering cues and parasitoid-host interactions

Overwintering cues for social insects

Varying responses to overwintering cues in different geographical areas

Synchronisation of overwintering stage with season

4 Insect cold-hardiness

Introduction

Concepts and definitions

Strategies of insect cold-hardiness

Ecophysiological approaches to insect cold-hardiness

5 Costs and benefits of overwintering

Introduction

Developmental stage and overwintering success

Winter inactive insects

Winter active insects

Winter avoidance

The costs of overwintering

Spreading the risk

Physical costs

Metabolic costs

Reproductive costs

Insect colour and overwintering costs

Conclusion

6 Prediction and control

Introduction

Systems in use

Systems in development

Systems still to be developed

Control

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index