Cover

Title

Copyright

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Selected table of cases

List of abbreviations

Table of engagements

Introduction

1 Why a study of the law and practice of international territorial administration?

1.1 Ending misconceptions

1.2 International territorial administration -- a governance issue

1.3 International territorial administration and peacemaking

1.4 International territorial administrationand the development of the international legal system

2 Contents and methodology

Part I The historical and social context of international territorial administration

Introduction

1 International territorial administration - a definition

2 International territorial administration and related policy institutions

2.1 Protectorates and protected states

2.2 Condominiums

2.3 Twentieth-century paradigms

1 The concept of internationalisation

1 Territorial internationalisation

1.1 The concept of ‘‘international(ised) territories’’

1.2 The relationship between territorial internationalisation and international territorial administration

2 Functional internationalisation

2.1 Patterns of functional internationalisation

2.2 The functional internationalisation of territories under domestic jurisdiction

3 Non-internationalised forms of territorial administration

4 Conclusion

2 The Mandate System of the League of Nations

1 Origin

2 The choice in favour of indirect administration

3 Challenges of the mandate system: a modern retrospection

3.1 Governance issues

3.2 Accountability issues

3.3 Status questions

3 The United Nations Trusteeship System

1 Genesis

2 A leap forward

3 The Trusteeship System from the perspective of international territorial administration

3.1 Trusteeship administration as international territorial administration

3.2 Trusteeship administration as a role model for international territorial administration

4 Post-war occupation

1 Occupation and territorial administration - two distinct concepts

1.1 The rationale of the laws of occupation

1.2 Limitations of occupation authority

2 The use of occupation as a framework for territorial administration

2.1 Treaty-based occupation

2.2 Post-surrender occupation

3 The development of the laws of occupation in the post-war era

3.1 The decline of the debellatio doctrine

3.2 The transformation of the concept of occupation

5 UN territorial administration and the tradition of peace-maintenance

1 Peacekeeping and international territorial administration

2 Conceptual developments

2.1 A changing conception of trusteeship

2.2 A new normative underpinning of territorial governance

Conclusion: international territorial administration - an independent device with a certain normative heritage

Part II The practice of international territorial administration: a retrospective

Introduction

6 International territorial administration as a means of dispute settlement - the post-war experiments of the League of Nations and the United Nations

1 Precedents in the era of the League of Nations

1.1 The administration of the Saar Territory by the League of Nations

1.2 The League’s administration of the Free City of Danzig

1.3 The League’s engagement in Memel

2 United Nations experiments in neutralisation after World War II

2.1 The Permanent Statute of the Free Territory of Trieste

2.2 United Nations proposals for the internationalisation of Jerusalem

3 Conclusion

3.1 Dichotomies of the first experiments in territorial administration

3.2 Lessons

7 From the post-war period to the end of the Cold War: the use of international territorial administration as an ad hoc device

1 Governance assistance missions

1.1 Post-war decolonisation

1.2 Referendum and election assistance

1.3 Conclusion

2 (Co-)governance missions

2.1 The Leticia intervention -- a precedent of ad hoc UN governance

2.2 The United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC)

2.3 The United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA)

2.4 The United Nations Council for Namibia

2.5 The United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II)

8 The systematisation of international governance

1 The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)

1.1 A consensual origin

1.2 A balanced statebuilding mandate

1.3 ‘‘Looking big, acting small’’ -- challenges in implementation

1.4 Assessment

2 The United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia (UNTAES)

2.1 A dual function

2.2 The institutional design

2.3 Practice

2.4 Assessment

3 Bosnia and Herzegovina: a special case of international administration

3.1 The international administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina

3.2 The European Union Administration of the City of Mostar (EUAM)

4 The United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo (UNMIK)

4.1 Origin

4.2 A tripartite function

4.3 Fostering people’s rights

4.4 Trials and errors

4.5 Assessment

5 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)

5.1 Historical background

5.2 UNTAET -- a reprise of UNMIK

5.3 Beyond UNMIK

5.4 Critique

5.5 Assessment

9 The ‘‘light footprint’’ and beyond

1 The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)

1.1 Background

1.2 The choice in favour of a light footprint -- a deliberate decision

1.3 Role and function of UNAMA

1.4 Assessment

2 The international administration of Iraq

2.1 Background

2.2 The light footprint: a power bargain

2.3 The scope of UN involvement

2.4 The practice of the CPA

2.5 Assessment

3 Multidimensional peace operations after Iraq

3.1 The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)

3.2 The United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC)

3.3 The United Nations Operation in Cˆote d’Ivoire (UNOCI)

4 The end of the era of comprehensive governance missions?

10 A conceptualisation of the practice

1 Models of administration

1.1 Direct v. indirect administration.

1.2 Exclusive v. shared forms of authority

1.3 Creation by consent and/or by unilateral act

2 Functions of international territorial administration

2.1 The resolution of territorial disputes

2.2 Decolonisation

2.3 Statebuilding

2.4 The nexus to intervention

3 International territorial administration and trusteeship

Part III The foundations of international territorial administration

Introduction

11 The legality of international territorial administration

1 The authority to administer territories under the Charter of the United Nations

1.1 The drafting history of the UN Charter

1.2 Institutional practice

1.3 Territorial authority and systemic coherence

2 Legal basis in the UN Charter

2.1 Security Council action

2.2 General Assembly action

2.3 The Trusteeship Council

2.4 The Secretary-General

2.5 Other institutional options

3 Authorisation of multinational administrations

3.1 Authorisation of states to administer territories

3.2 Authorisation of international organisations to administer territories

3.3 Practice

4 Limits of international authority

4.1 The nexus to international peace and security

4.2 Limits to territorial administration under specific Charter provisions

4.3 Limitations arising from the law of occupation

4.4 Universally recognised human rights standards

4.5 Territorial administration and democratic governance

12 The legitimacy of international territorial authority

1 Features of international territorial authority

2 Models of legitimation

2.1 Legitimacy by consent

2.2 Alternatives to consent

Conclusion

Part IV A typology of problems arising within the context of international territorial administration

Introduction

13 The legal status of the administered territory

1 Status concepts

1.1 Notions developed in legal doctrine

1.2 A re-conceptualisation

2 Treatment of the status question in practice

2.1 Status decisions

2.2 Legal personality of the territory

2.3 External representation

3 Conclusion

14 The status of international administering authorities

1 The conceptual move: from external to internal responsibility

2 International territorial administrations and privileges and immunities

2.1 Sources of privileges and immunities

2.2 Privileges and immunities in the practice of territorial administration

2.3 A critique of existing approaches

3 International administrations and institutional accountability

3.1 Approaches in international practice

3.2 A re-conceptualisation

15 The exercise of regulatory authority within the framework of international administrations

1 Lawmaking by international administrations

1.1 Institutional diversity

1.2 The legal nature of regulatory acts of international administrations

1.3 General authority problems

1.4 Regulatory problems in specific fields

1.5 Conclusions

2 Involvement in constitution-making

2.1 General parameters

2.2 International practice

16 The relationship with domestic actors

1 Fromthe rule of territory to rule for the people

2 Techniques of realising self-government and political participation

2.1 Consultation

2.2 Restoration of domestic authority, including devolution of authority

2.3 Disengagement and beyond

2.4 Lessons learned

Part V International territorial administration at the verge of the twenty-first century: achievements, challenges and lessons learned

Introduction

17 Strong on concept, imperfect in practice: international territorial administration as a policy device

1 On the record -- a response to some criticisms

1.1 International territorial administration and (ir-)relevance

1.2 International territorial administration and (in-)efficiency

1.3 International territorial administration and UN involvement

2 Lessons learned

2.1 The transitional nature of international territorial authority

2.2 The role of domestic support

2.3 Institutional design of the mission

2.4 Clarification of the legal framework

2.5 Framing the mandate

2.6 Exercise of authority

2.7 Enhancing sustainability

18 International territorial administration and normative change in the international legal order

1 International territorial administration and neutrality vis-`a-vis the internal realm of a constituency

1.1 The classical principle of neutrality

1.2 From neutrality to the agenda for democratisation

1.3 The other side of interference

12 The legitimacy of international territorial authority

1 Features of international territorial authority

2 Models of legitimation

2.1 Legitimacy by consent

2.2 Alternatives to consent

Conclusion

Part IV A typology of problems arising within the context of international territorial administration

Introduction

13 The legal status of the administered territory

1 Status concepts

1.1 Notions developed in legal doctrine

1.2 A re-conceptualisation

2 Treatment of the status question in practice

2.1 Status decisions

2.2 Legal personality of the territory

2.3 External representation

3 Conclusion

14 The status of international administering authorities

1 The conceptual move: from external to internal responsibility

2 International territorial administrations and privileges and immunities

2.1 Sources of privileges and immunities

2.2 Privileges and immunities in the practice of territorial administration

2.3 A critique of existing approaches

3 International administrations and institutional accountability

3.1 Approaches in international practice

3.2 A re-conceptualisation

15 The exercise of regulatory authority within the framework of international administrations

1 Lawmaking by international administrations

1.1 Institutional diversity

1.2 The legal nature of regulatory acts of international administrations

1.3 General authority problems

1.4 Regulatory problems in specific fields

1.5 Conclusions

2 Involvement in constitution-making

2.1 General parameters

2.2 International practice

16 The relationship with domestic actors

1 Fromthe rule of territory to rule for the people

2 Techniques of realising self-government and political participation

2.1 Consultation

2.2 Restoration of domestic authority, including devolution of authority

2.3 Disengagement and beyond

2.4 Lessons learned

Part V International territorial administration at the verge of the twenty-first century: achievements, challenges and lessons learned

Introduction

17 Strong on concept, imperfect in practice: international territorial administration as a policy device

1 On the record -- a response to some criticisms

1.1 International territorial administration and (ir-)relevance

1.2 International territorial administration and (in-)efficiency

1.3 International territorial administration and UN involvement

2 Lessons learned

2.1 The transitional nature of international territorial authority

2.2 The role of domestic support

2.3 Institutional design of the mission

2.4 Clarification of the legal framework

2.5 Framing the mandate

2.6 Exercise of authority

2.7 Enhancing sustainability

18 International territorial administration and normative change in the international legal order

1 International territorial administration and neutrality vis-à-vis the internal realm of a constituency

1.1 The classical principle of neutrality

1.2 From neutrality to the agenda for democratisation

1.3 The other side of interference

2 International territorial administration and the theorisation of state sovereignty

2.1 The disaggregation of sovereignty

2.2 Sovereignty and conditions for self-rule and independence

3 International territorial administration and the theorisation of governance

3.1 International territorial administration and communitarism

3.2 From territoriality to functionality: towards a common pool of governance obligations

Bibliography

Index