Cover

Half-title

Title page

Copyright information

Dedication

Table of contents

List of figures

List of tables

Acknowledgments

List of abbreviations

Introduction

Outline of the book

Part I: the global race for talent

Part II: gendering skilled immigration policy in Australia and Canada, 1988–2013

Four case studies of skilled immigration policies

Notes

Part I The global race for talent: global context

1 Skill and gender: navigating the theoretical terrain

Introduction

Developing gender-aware indicators within immigration studies

Developing new indicators of ‘gender awareness’ in skilled immigration policy

Gender mainstreaming processes: gender audits, gender units and gender-disaggregated data

Life course factors: gender issues over the working life

Age and career milestones

Defining ‘skill’

Human capital theory

Feminist industrial relations, sociological and economics critiques of human capital theory

Structural impediments to skill accrual

Political negotiation and skills definition

Soft skills, care and defining skill

Language, skill and gender: intersectional considerations

Conclusion

Notes

2 Gender awareness of skilled immigration policies across the OECD: presenting the GenderImmi data set

Introduction

Development indicators of gender awareness within skilled immigration policies

Case selection and method for the skilled immigration data set

Method

Empirical findings and analysis

Gender mainstreaming processes: gender audits, gender units and gender-disaggregated data

Gendered career trajectories and life course events

Age

Work breaks and gendered life courses

Definitions of ‘skill’ and their implications for gender awareness

Human capital methods of selection – the choice between general and specific human capital

Wage threshold methods of selection

Employer-determined methods of selection

Emotional labour and care work as skilled work

The obstacles of language proficiency

Concluding analysis

Notes

Part II Gendering skilled immigration policy in Australia and Canada, 1988–2013

3 Gendering the policy process: venue shopping and diversity-seeking

Introduction

Understanding skilled immigration policy-making: economic explanations

Interest group explanations for variation in skilled immigration policies

Political economy approaches

Partisan explanations for immigration policy outputs

The venue shopping explanation for gender-aware immigration policies

Extending venue shopping to Westminster-inspired systems: diversity-seekers challenge bureaucratic control

The role of sympathetic bureaucrats

Legislative committees

Strong bicameralism

Federalism

Strong judicial systems

The engagement of ‘diversity-seeking’ feminist groups and immigrant ­associations within the venue shopping approach

Conclusion

Notes

4 Changing the mix, 1988–2003: the shift from family to skilled immigration

Introduction

The policy context in Australia: ‘rebalancing’ of the classes

The historical context in Australia

Changes under the Labor Government

Changes under the Liberal-National Coalition government

The policy context in Canada: changes in the mix

The historical context: J88 and welfare dependency

Changes in the mix: the Liberals 1993–98

Changes in the mix: what does changing the mix mean for the gender awareness of immigration policy?

Women’s and men’s representation in the skilled and family reunification streams

Cutting the family reunification stream: gender implications

Increasing admission through the skilled stream

The policy process for rebalancing the mix in Australia and Canada

Conclusion

Note

5 New selection grids: points tests and gender effects, 1993–2003

Introduction

The policy context in Australia

Policy context in Canada over the 1990s and 2000s

The gender implications of the points tests in Australia and Canada

Understanding the policy process in Australia and Canada

Conclusion

Notes

6 Targeting skills during the global financial crisis, 2007–13: gendered winners and losers?

Introduction

The policy process in Australia (2007–13)

The policy process in Canada (2008–13)

The gender implications of points tests reform in Australia and Canada

Changes to women’s political machinery in the immigration field in Canada

Accommodating life course issues

Heightened language requirements

Targeting skill and the move away from the general human capital model

Non-recognition of care work and emotional labour

The move towards EOI and an increased role for employers

Understanding the policy process in Australia and Canada

Changes in the engagement of diversity-seeking groups across time

Conclusion

Notes

7 Mining booms and Nanny-Gate: the gendered terrain of temporary economic immigration, 2007–13

Introduction

The policy process in Australia

The policy process in Canada

Gendering temporary economic immigration in Australia and Canada

Pathways to permanent residency: portability between temporary and permanent status

Intersectional issues

A gendered and racialised ‘rights versus numbers’ trade-off?

Understanding the policy process in Australia and Canada

Interest groups’ engagement in the policy process

Conclusion

Notes

8 Activist mobilising, state sponsorship and venue shopping capabilities

Introduction

Understanding diversity-seeking strength: historical legacies of state funding

The sources and mix of funding for diversity-seeking groups

The internal structure of diversity-seeking organisations

Coalition building across diversity-seeking groups and beyond

Partisan explanations for differences in diversity-seeking mobilisation

Comparing the cases: the importance of venue to minimise bureaucratic control

The existence of women’s policy machinery

Parliamentary committees and bicameralism

Federalism

Strong judicial regimes

Conclusion

Notes

Appendix 1: Elite interviews conducted with relevant Australians

Appendix 2: Elite interviews conducted with relevant Canadians

Appendix 3: Methodological appendix

Example of elite interview

EMAs

RMAs

Bibliography

Legal sources (Australia and Canada)

Constitutions

Australia

Canada

Legislation and bills of Parliament

Australia

Legislation

Canada

Legislation

Bills

Regulations, guides and policy instruments

Australia

Canada

Case law

Canada

Legal and policy sources for other countries

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Ireland

New Zealand

Norway

United Kingdom

United States

All other sources

Index