LUMINESCENCE AND DISPLAY PHOSPHORS: PHENOMENA AND APPLICATIONS

LUMINESCENCE AND DISPLAY PHOSPHORS: PHENOMENA AND APPLICATIONS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

LUMINESCENCE AND DISPLAY PHOSPHORS – LIGHT EMISSION MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

FUNDAMENTALS OF LUMINESCENCE

1. FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE

2. LUMINESCENCE IN CONDENSED MEDIA AND STOKES SHIFT

3. LUMINESCENT MATERIALS AND EXCITATION PROCESSES

4. CRYSTAL FIELD EFFECT

4.1. Allowed and Forbidden Transitions

4.2. Energy Level Splitting

4.3. Stokes Shift

4.4. Life-Time and Line Broadening

4.5. Site Symmetry

5. ACTIVATORS AND KILLERS

6. THERMAL QUENCHING

7. CHARGE-TRANSFER TRANSITIONS

8. ACTIVATORS AND SENSITIZERS

9. EMISSION FROM MN2+ION

10. CONCENTRATION QUENCHING

11. MECHANISM OF EU

12. CONCENTRATION QUENCHING BY CROSS-RELAXATIONIN TB3+DOPED COMPOUNDS

MERCURY BASED LAMP PHOSPHORS

1. COLOR CHROMATICITY COORDINATES

2. COLOR RENDERING INDEX

3. LUMINOUS EFFICACY

4. APPLICATION TO FL DESIGN

5. HG-PLASMA DISCHARGE

6. LOW PRESSURE HG-LAMP PHOSPHORS

7. QUANTUM AND ENERGY EFFICIENCIES

8. CHP PHOSPHOR

9. COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP

9.1. Blue CFL Phosphor

9.2. Green CFL Phosphor

9.3. Red CFL Phosphor

10. COLD CATHODE FLUORESCENT LAMP

11. MAINTENANCE OF A PHOSPHOR

12. SUNTANNING LAMPS

13. BLACK LIGHT

14. SPECIALITY LAMPS

CATHODOLUMINESCENCE PHOSPHORS

1. CATHODE RAY TUBE

2. PROJECTION TV

3. DISPLAY TUBES

4. CL PHOSPHORS

5. PHOSPHORS USED IN BLACK AND WHITE (MONOCHROME) CRT

6. PHOSPHORS USED IN COLOR CRTS

7. PHOSPHORS FOR PROJECTION COLOR CRT TV

7.1. Energy Conversion Efficiency

8. MECHANISM OF LUMINESCENCE IN DONOR-ACCEPTOR PAIR TYPE PHOSPHOR

8.1. Mechanism of “Killers”

9. AFTER-GLOW PERSISTENCE

10. PHOSPHOR LIFE-TIME

11. BRIGHTNESS SATURATION AND EXCITATION DENSITY

12. MECHANISM OF BRIGHTNESS SATURATIONIN TB3+ACTIVATED PHOSPHORS

13. MECHANISM OF BRIGHTNESS SATURATIONIN OTHER PHOSPHORS

14. CONTRAST IMPROVEMENT

15. TEMPERATURE QUENCHING

16. TRANSITORY DECREASE IN LUMINESCENCE EFFICIENCY

17. PROBLEMS WITH BLUE PHOSPHORS

18. CAUSES OF LONG-TERM DETERIORATION OF LUMINESCENCE

19. PHOSPHORS FOR OSCILLOSCOPE TUBES

20. MECHANISM OF CL IN OXYGEN-DOMINATED PHOSPHORS

21. PHOSPHORS FOR RADAR TUBES

VFD AND FED PHOSPHORS

1. PRINCIPLE OF VFD

2. DISADVANTAGES OF CRT

3. VFD PHOSPHORS

4. LOW ENERGY ELECTRON EXCITATIONAND LUMINESCENCE EFFICIENCY

5. EFFECT OF DOPING ON THE LUMINANCEVS VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

6. LUMINESCENCE RESPONSE TIME

7. FIELD EMISSION DISPLAYS

8. EFFICIENCY OF FED PHOSPHORS

9. PHOSPHOR REQUIREMENTS FOR FLAT PANEL FED

9.1. Red Phosphor Powders and Screens

9.2. Green Phosphor Powders and Screens

9.3. Blue Phosphor Powders and Screens

10. DEGRADATION OF ZNS PHOSPHORS UNDER ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT

11. A COMPARISON OF NEW PHOSPHORS FOR FED APPLICATION

12. Y2O3:TM THIN-FILM BLUE-EMITTING PHOSPHOR

13. THE ROLE OF PHOSPHOR MORPHOLOGY IN FED AND HDTV

14. THIN FILM PHOSPHORS FOR FED APPLICATION

14.1. ZnO:Zn

14.2. SrGa2S4:Ce

15. PHOSPHOR SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES AND EFFICIENCY OF FPD PHOSPHORS

16. LUMINESCENCE PROCESS IN ZNO

17. OXYGEN VACANCIES AND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IN ZNO

18. ZNGA2O4:MN

19. SRTIO3:PR

20. OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHOSPHOR SCREEN IN FED

ELECTROLUMINESCENCE PHOSPHORS

1. METHODS OF PRODUCING EL

2. HOST MATERIALS FOR EL PHOSPHORS

3. REQUIREMENTS OF ACTIVATORS

4. THIN-FILM EL

5. ZNS BASED EL PHOSPHORS

6. RBG PHOSPHORS BASED ON ZNS

7. III-V HOSTS (GAN)

8. AC POWDER EL STRUCTURE

9. EL EXCITATION MECHANISM

10. DEGRADATION CHARACTERISTICS

11. DC POWDER EL (“FORMING” PROCESS AND THE EXCITATION MECHANISM)

12. CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

13. ENERGY BAND MODEL FOR DC POWDER EL

14. EXCITATION MECHANISM OF ZNS:TM

15. COLOR TUNING IN SULPHIDE PHOSPHORS

15.1. Band-Gap Luminescence

15.2. Red-Shift of Mn2+ Emission by Crystal-Field

16. BLUE EMITTING TFEL PHOSPHOR:SRS:CU,AG

16.1. Codoping in SrS:Cu+

16.2. Thermal Quenching of SrS:Cu and SrS:Cu,Y

16. OXIDE BASED EL MATERIALS

17. RARE-EARTH DOPED GAN

18. THIN FILM AC EL (ACTFEL)

19. NANO PARTICLE EL

FUTURE OUTLOOK

LED PHOSPHORS

1. DRAWBACKS OF HG-DISCHARGE

2. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LED

3. GA-N LED AND WHITE LEDS

4. REQUIREMENTS OF LED PHOSPHORS

5. LED PHOSPHORS

6. EXCITATION AND EMISSION SPECTRA

6.1. YAG:Ce3+

6.2. SrGa2S4:Eu2+

6.3. α-SiAlON:Eu2+ -

7. NUV LED WITH TWO OR THREE BLEND PHOSPHORS

8. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

9. NEW PHOSPHORS

9.1. Eu2+ Doped Silicates

9.2. Novel Red Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting

9.3. Multinary Nitido Silicates

9.4. New Phosphors with High Eu3+ Concentration

9.5. Red fluorescence from CaAl12O19:Mn4+

10. LCD BACKLIGHT

11. NOVEL PHOSPHOR LCD

QUANTUM DOTS

PDP PHOSPHORS

1. FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS

2. VUV INTERACTION MECHANISM WITH PDP PHOSPHOR MATERIALS

3. REQUIREMENTS OF PDP PHOSPHORS

4. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF PHOSPHOR DAMAGE IN PDP

5. PRESENTLY USED PDP PHOSPHORS

5.1. Red Phosphors

5.2. Green Phosphors

6. THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY

7. THE SCREEN EFFICIENCY

8. BAMGAL10O17:EU2+

9. DETERIORATION OF COLOR QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF BAMGAL10O17:EU2+

9.1. Role of Traps on Fluorescence Mechanisms

9.2. Al2O3 Nanocapsulation

9.3. Effect of Water on Thermal and Operating Degradation

9.4. Improved Thermal Resistance of BAM:Eu2+ Prepared by SprayPyrolysis

10. BAMGAL12O19:MN2+GREEN PDP PHOSPHOR

11. TSL STUDIES OF EU2+AND MN2+-DOPED BAM

12. OTHER BLUE PDP PHOSPHORS

12.1. CaAl2O4:Eu2+

12.2. LaPO4:Tm3+

12.3. YAl3(BO3)4:Gd3+

SCINTILLATORS

1. SCINTILLATORS AND PHOSPHORS

2. REQUIREMENTS OF SCINTILLATORS

3. INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS

4. LUMINESCENCE PROCESSES IN INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS

4.1. Exciton Luminescence

4.2. Dopant Luminescence

4.3. Charge-Transfer Luminescence

4.4. CVL (Core-Valence Luminescence, Cross-Luminescence)

5. ENERGY CONVERSION AND RESOLUTION

6. X-RAY DETECTION

7. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

8. PET IMAGING

9. COMPARISON OF CT SCINTILLATORS

10. NEW SCINTILLATORS – A COMPARISON

11. LUMINESCENCE PROCESS IN ORGANIC SCINTILLATORS

12. RADIATION HARDNESS

13. CROSS LUMINESCENCE

14. PARTICLE DISCRIMINATION

15. NUCLEAR DETECTORS

16. HIGH ENERGY PARTICLE DETECTOR

17. LIQUID SCINTILLATORS

18. WO4 BASED SCINTILLATORS

19. LA- AND GD-DOPED PBWO4

20. PBSO4 SCINTILLATOR

21. SUPPRESSION OF AFTER GLOW IN CERAMIC SCINTILLATORS

X-RAY IMAGE INTENSIFING AND STORAGE PHOSPHORS

1. X-RAY IMAGING

2. IMAGE INTENSIFYING SCREENS AND STORAGE PHOSPHOR

3. CONSTRUCTION OF A CASSETTE AND INTENSIFYING SCREEN

4. TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF INTENSIFYING SCREEN

4.1. Speed

4.2. Resolution

4.3. Types of Phosphor

4.4. Sharpness

4.5. Image Quality

4.6. Lag

5. X-RAY INTENSIFYING PHOSPHORS

5.1. CaWO4

5.2. YTaO4:Nb

5.3. BaFCl and LaOBr

5.4. Gd2O2S:Tb3+ and La2O2S:Tb3+

5.5. CsI:Na

5.6. CsI:Tl+

6. DIGITAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES

6.1. Selenium Drum Detector (Thoravision)

6.2. CCD-Based Detectors

6.3. Flat-Panel Detector

6.4. Storage Phosphor

7. DIGITAL COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY

8. PHOTOSTIMULATION PROCESS

9. CORRELATION OF TSL AND PSL

10. INFLUENCE OF WASHING IN METHANOL/WATER

11. CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY

12. NEUTRON IMAGING PLATES

13. OTHER PHOTOSTIMULABLE LUMINESCENCE PHOSPHORS

13.1. KCl:Eu2+

13.2. LiBaF2:Eu and LiBaF2:Ce

14. CSBR:EU2+

14.1. Radiation hardness of CsBr:Eu2+

DOWN AND UP-CONVERSION PHOSPHORS

1. DOWN CONVERSION

2. DOWN-CONVERSION TECHNIQUES

3. APPLICATIONS OF PR3+ LUMINESCENCE

4. CONDITIONS FOR DC BASED PHOTON-CASCADE EMISSION

5. DRAWBACKS OF PCE IN YF3:PR3+

6. YF3:PR3+,TM3+

7. VUV EXCITATION PROCESSES IN RE DOPED FLUORIDES

8. CENTROID SHIFT

9. OXIDE HOSTS

10. SRAL11O19:PR3+,MG2+

11. LAMGB5O10:PR3+

12. SRB4O7:PR3+AND SR0.7LA0.3AL11MG0.3O19:PR3+

13. CASO4:PR3+, BASO4:PR3+AND SRSO4:PR3+

14. CO-OPERATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER OF FIRSTORDER OR FIRST ORDER DC

15. LIGDF4:EU3+

16. PB2+ AS A SENSITIZER

17. LIGDF4:ER3+,TB3+

18. CSGD2F7:ER3+,DY3+

19. PR3+à MN2+ENERGY TRANSFER IN FLUORIDES

20. TM3+à MN2+ENERGY TRANSFER

21. YBO3:PR,TM/PR,ER AND YPO4:PR,TM/PR,ER

22. CO-OPERATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER OF SECONDORDER OR SECOND ORDER DC

23. APPLICATION OF SODC IN SOLAR CELLS

24. SODC BASED ON HOST ANION ABSORPTION

25. CASO4:MN

26. CASO4:TB3+,NA+

27. UP-CONVERSION PROCESSES

28. UC BY COOPERATIVE LUMINESCENCE

29. UC BY APTE EFFECT

29.1. Energy Transfer and UC in Y2O3:Sm and Gd2O3:Sm

30. UC BY COOPERATIVE SENSITIZATION

31. OTHER UC PROCESSES

PERSISTENT AFTERGLOW PHOSPHORS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. NON-RADIOACTIVE SELF-LUMINOUS PHOSPHORBASED ON SRAL2O4:EU2+,DY3+

3. MECHANISM OF PERSISTENT AFTER-GLOW

4. AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM OF THE PERSISTENT LUMINESCENCE OF CAAL2O4:EU2+

4.1. Luminescence Centers

4.2. Structural Considerations

4.3. Effect of Stoichiometry on Persistent Luminescence

4.4. Effect of Sodium Co-Doping on Persistent Luminescence

4.5. Effect of Sm3+ and Yb3+ Co-Doping

4.6. Effect of RE Co-Doping on the TSL Glow Curves

4.7. Mechanism of Persistent Luminescence

5. SR2MGSI2O7:EU2+,DY3+

6. MECHANISM OF PERSISTENT LUMINESCENCE INSR2MGSI2O7:EU2+,DY3+

7. CE3+ACTIVATED LONG-LASTING PHOSPHORESCENCE

8. MN2+ACTIVATED PERSISTENT PHOSPHORS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

BOOKS AND REVIEW ARTICLES

FUNDAMENTALS

LAMP PHOSPHORS

PDP PHOSPHORS

X-RAY PHOSPHORS

X-RAY STORAGE PHOSPHORS

SCINTILLATORS

LED PHOSPHORS

CRT PHOSPHORS

VFD AND FED PHOSPHORS

EL PHOSPHORS

PERSISTENT AFTERGLOW PHOSPHORS

DOWN CONVERSION PHOSPHORS

UP-CONVERSION PHOSPHORS

DISPLAY PHOSPHORS APPENDIX

INDEX