DENDRITIC SPINES: BIOCHEMISTRY, MODELING AND PROPERTIES

DENDRITIC SPINES: BIOCHEMISTRY, MODELING AND PROPERTIES

Contents

Preface

Chapter I The Contribution of Reproductive Experience, Steroid and Peptide Hormones on Dendritic Spine Density and Morphology in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex

Abstract

The Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Dendritic Spines and Reproductive Experience

Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Relation to Steroid Hormones and Reproductive Experience

Steroid Hormones, Dendritic and Spine Complexity in the PFC

Estradiol’s Effects on Dendritic and Spine Complexity in the PFC

Corticosterone, Dendritic and Spine Complexity, in the PFC

Reproductive Experience, Dendritic and Spine Complexity in the PFC

Dendritic Plasticity in the Parental Brain in Response to Neuropeptides: Effects of Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Dendritic and Synaptic Plasticity in other Brain Areas

Conclusions

References

Acknowledgments

Chapter II The Actin Cytoskeleton: Central Regulator of Dendritic Spine Form and Function

Abstract

Introduction

Actin

Actin Assembly in Cells

The Actin Cytoskeleton

Neuronal Actin

Actin-Based Plasticity during Development and in the Adult

Electrophysiological and Morphological Plasticity at the Synapse

Conclusion

References

Chapter III Pathological Remodeling of Dendritic Spines

Abstract

Introduction

Mechanisms of Excitotoxic Spine Remodeling

Dendritic Beading

Calcineurin, Cofilin, and the Actin Cytoskeleton

Proteolysis of MARCKS and SPAR

Clinical Implications of Excitotoxic Spine Collapse

Conclusion

References

Chapter IV Spine Plasticity in the Rat Medial Amygdala

Abstract

Introduction

Morphological Data

Functional Implications for Afferent/Efferent and Local Synaptic Circuits

Conclusion

References

Chapter V Activity-Dependent Spine Remodeling and Brain Disorders

Abstract

Introduction

Components of Dendritic Spines

Post Synaptic Density (PSD)

Actin Cytoskeleton

Other Organelles in Dendritic Spines

Morphological Classification of Dendritic Spines

Developmental Changes

Changes with Aging

Neuronal Activity and Spine Morphology

In Vivo Imaging

Spine Morphology in Brain Disorders

Spine Loss after Epileptic Seizures

Molecular Mechanisms for Activity-Regulated Spine Remodeling

Early Phase

Late Phase

Activity-Regulated Gene Expression and Related Brain Disorders

Activity-Regulated Cadherin-Like Protein (Arcadlin)

Ras Homologue Enriched in Brain (Rheb)

Homer 1a

Polo-Like Kinase (Plk2)

Activity-Regulated Cytoskeletal-Associated Protein (Arc)

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter VI Spines of the CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Exhibit Species-Related Differences in the Basal and the Apical Dendritic Tree and along the Septo-Temporal Axis of the Mammalian Hippocampus

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Statistical Analysis

3. Results

3.1. Spine Differences between Dendrites of Ascending Order

3.2. Spine Differences between the Basal and the Apical Dendritic Trees

3.3. Spine Differences between the Septal and the Temporal Hippocampus

3.4. Spine Differences between Mammalian Species

3.4.1. Human and Domestic Animals

3.4.2. Human and Hedgehog

3.4.3. Domestic Animals

3.4.4. Hedgehog and Domestic Animals

3.5. Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications

4. Conclusion

5. References

Chapter VII Dendritic Spine Associated Exocytic/Endocytic Apparatus in Local Membrane Traffic

Abstract

Introduction

An Endomembrane System within the Dendrite

Membranous Structures Associated with the Dendritic Spine

Spine-Associated Secretory/Endocytic Structures in Glutamate Receptor Trafficking and Synaptic Plasticity

What Exact Membrane Trafficking Functionsdo Spine-Associated Membrane Structures Perform?

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter VIII Myeloperoxidase Induction of Dendritic Cell Derived-Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Disease Implications

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Material and Methods

Reagents and Chemicals

Myeloperoxidase

Cell Culture

ELISA

RT-PCR

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter IX The Structure of Dendritic Spines

Summary

I. Numerical Configuration of Synapses

II. The Structure of Ordinal Dendritic Spines

Fine Structure

Appearance of the Ordinal Dendrites (HRP injection)

III. The Structure of Complex Spines

IV. Pathological Change in Dendritic Spines

References

Chapter X Dendritic Spines Plasticity and Learning /Memory Processes: Theory, Evidence and Perspectives

1. Abstract

2. General Structure of Neurons

3. Neurons and Spines

4. Development of Spines

5. Morphophysiology of Spines

6. Spines, Learning, and Memory

7. Physiopathology of Spines

8. Perspectives

References

Index

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