SALMONELLA INFECTIONS: NEW RESEARCH

SALMONELLA INFECTIONS: NEW RESEARCH

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA: FEATURES AND MECHANISMS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FEATURES OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA

2.1. Major serovars derived from human and nonhuman sources

2.2. Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella spp

2.2.1. Natural Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella

2.2.2. Historical Prospects of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella

2.2.3. Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella: Current Features and Trends

2.2.3.1. Multidrug Resistance

2.2.3.2. Fluoroquinolone Resistance

2.2.3.3. Cephalosporin Resistance

2.2.3.4. Carbapenem Resistance

2.2.4. Transmission of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella

3. GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA

3.1. Salmonella Genome Database

3.2. Salmonella Genomic Islands

3.3. Plasmidborne Resistance Gene Clusters

3.4. Hybrid Virulence-Resistance Plasmids

4. BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA

4.1. Enzymatic Inactivation of Antimicrobials

4.1.1. β-Lactamases

4.1.2. Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes

4.1.3. Quinolone-Modifying Enzymes

4.1.4. Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferases

4.2. Drug Target Alterations, By-Pass and Protection

4.2.1. Target alterations

4.2.2. Target By-Pass

4.2.3. Target Protection

4.3. Inaccessibility of Antimicrobials to Drug Targets

4.3.1. The Outer Membrane Permeability Barrier

4.3.2. Multidrug Efflux Pumps

4.3.3. Drug-Specific Efflux Pumps

5. CONTROLING THE EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA

6. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 SALMONELLA INFECTION IN REPTILES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL SIGNS

DIAGNOSIS

THERAPY AND PROPHYLAXIS

PUBLIC HEALTH

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 3 SALMONELLA INFECTION IN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS IN A CHANGING WORLD

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

SALMONELLA IN HERPETOFAUNA

TRANSMISSION OF SALMONELLA FROM HERPETOFAUNA TO HUMANS

POSSIBLE ALTERATION OF SALMONELLA INFECTION IN HERPETOFAUNA: ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCES AND STRESS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA EFFECTOR AVRA AS A PROTEASE IN INFLAMMATION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

1. AvrA Gene Deletion and AvrA Protein Expression

2. Does AvrA Act as YopJ to Inhibit the Activity of NF-κB?

3. AvrA Protein Expression Stabilizes the Expression of IκBα and Attenuates NF-κB Activation

4. AvrA Acts as a Deubiquitinase to Attenuate IκB Ubiquination

5. AvrA Acts as a Deubiquitinase to Prevent β-Catenin Ubiquination in vitro

6. AvrA Enhances the β-catenin, a New Regulator of Inflammatory Responses

7. AvrA Protein Increases c-myc and Cyclin D1 Expression and Affects Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation

8. Apoptosis Regulated by AvrA during Bacterial Infection

9. Is YopJ a Deubiquitinase or an Acetyltransferase?

10. Future Studies on the AvrA/YopJ Family Members in Modulating host Inflammation

The Function of AvrA on Phosphorylation and Acetylation

The Protease Domain of AvrA

Regulation of AvrA Protein Expression

Synergy Function with other Bacterial Effectors and Toxins

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 5 NOVEL APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSING SALMONELLOSIS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL FORMS OF SALMONELLOSIS

CLASSIFICATION OF SALMONELLA SEROVARS

DETECTION OF SALMONELLA IN CLINICAL, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

Conventional Methods

Rapid Methods

Antibody-Based Detection Methods

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

DNA-Based Methods

Limitations of Rapid Methods in Salmonella Detection

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 6 PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHIMURIUM HUMAN ISOLATES IN SLOVAKIA (1997 – 2006)

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Salmonella Strains

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Detection of Class 1 Integrons

Plasmid DNA Profile

Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)

Bacterial Adherence to Hydrocarbon

Motility Test

Microtitre Plate Biofilm Formation Assay

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 7 MULTIPLE-DRUG RESISTANCE SALMONELLA: A CHALLENGE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Salmonella Typhimurium and Monophasic Serovar

Subtyping Methods for Salmonella Epidemiological Investigations

Multiple-Drug Resistance Salmonella Impact Public Health

Genetics Base of Resistances

Class 1 Integrons

ESBL Salmonella Strains

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INDEX

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