Front Cover

Plant Micronutrient Use Efficiency: Molecular and Genomic Perspectives in Crop Plants

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Editors' Biography

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Regulation of Micronutrient Homeostasis and Deficiency Response in Plants

1 Introduction

2 Iron

2.1 Acquisition from Soil

2.2 Regulation of Fe Homeostasis and Deficiency Response

3 Copper

3.1 Acquisition from Soil

3.2 Regulation of Cu Homeostasis and Deficiency Response

4 Zinc

4.1 Acquisition from Soil

4.2 Regulation of Zn Homeostasis and Deficiency Response

5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 2: Molecular Bases of Iron Accumulation Towards the Development of Iron-Enriched Crops

1 Introduction

2 Iron Uptake From The Soil, Transport, and Storage in Roots

2.1 Iron Uptake in Crops

2.2 Strategy I, Strategy II, and a Combined Strategy

2.3 Root Plasma Membrane Fe Transport

2.4 Iron Chelation and Solubilization at the Rhizosphere

2.5 Vacuolar Fe Storage in Roots

2.6 Transcriptional Control of Fe Uptake

3 Long Distance Fe Transport

3.1 Root-to-Shoot Xylem-Dependent Fe Transport

3.2 Iron Movement in the Phloem

3.3 The Role of NA in Fe Seed Loading

3.4 Subcellular Fe Transport

3.4.1 Vacuole

3.4.2 Chloroplast

3.4.3 Mitochondria

4 Iron Distribution in Seeds

5 Different Transgenic Strategies Used to Develop Fe-Enriched Plants

6 Future Strategies to Develop Fe-Enriched Crops

References

Further Reading

Chapter 3: Plant Responses to Iron Deficiency and Toxicity and Iron Use Efficiency in Plants

1 Introduction

2 Iron Deficiency Root Responses

2.1 Strategy 1: Reduction-Based Fe Uptake

2.2 Strategy 2: Chelation-Based Fe Uptake

2.3 Coexistence of Reduction and Chelation Strategies

3 Iron Toxicity Responses

4 Long-Distance Fe Transport

4.1 Xylem Transport

4.2 Phloem Transport

4.3 Xylem-to-Phloem Lateral Fe Transfer in Shoots

5 Subcellular Fe Transport and Compartmentation

6 Regulation of Fe Use Efficiency

6.1 Efficient Vs Inefficient Genotypes

6.2 Candidate for Fe Sensors and Signals

6.3 Crosstalk Between Fe and Other Elements

7 Conclusion and Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4: Plant Responses to Copper: Molecular and Regulatory Mechanisms of Copper Uptake, Distribution and Accumulation i...

1 Copper Properties and Functions in Plants

2 Copper Phytoavailability and Bioavailability

3 Uptake, Distribution and Accumulation of Cu By Plants

3.1 Copper Uptake

3.2 Copper Transport Into Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

3.3 Copper Transport Through the Secretory Pathway

3.4 Copper Transport Into and Out of the Vacuole

3.5 Long-Distance Cu Transport from Roots to Shoots

3.6 Copper Remobilization from Senescing Organs

4 Molecular Responses to Cu Deficiency in Plants

5 The Increase of Cu Uptake and Accumulation Efficiency in Plants: Prospects for Biofortification of Crops

References

Further Reading

Chapter 5: The Molecular Genetics of Zinc Uptake and Utilization Efficiency in Crop Plants

1 Introduction

2 Zinc Transport Pathway

2.1 The Long Distance Zn Transport in Plants

3 Znic Use Efficiency

4 Physiology of Zn Transport

4.1 Zrt/Irt-Like Protein

4.2 Heavy Metal ATPases

4.3 Cation Diffusion Facilitator

4.4 Sensing Mechanisms of Zn

5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 6: Plant Response to Boron Deficiency and Boron Use Efficiency in Crop Plants

1 Introduction: Biological Functions of Boron

2 Occurrence of B in Plants

2.1 Uptake and Xylem Loading of B in Roots

2.2 Boron Distribution in Plants

3 Physiological and Molecular Responses to B Deficiency in Plants

3.1 Plant Growth

3.2 Plant Reproductive Development

3.3 Metabolism

3.4 Signaling Transduction

4 Mechanisms for Tolerance to B Deficiency and Strategies for the Improvement of B Use Efficiency

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Physiological Importance of Manganese, Cobalt and Nickel and the Improvement of Their Uptake and Utilization by ...

1 Introduction

2 Manganese

2.1 Importance of Mn for Plant Metabolism and Physiology

2.2 Uptake of Mn and Interactions With Other Nutrients

2.3 Manganese Transport, Distribution Among Tissues, and Utilization Efficiency by Crop Plants

3 Nickel

3.1 Importance of Ni for Plant Metabolism and Physiology

3.2 Uptake of Ni and Interactions With Other Nutrients

3.3 Nickel Transport and Distribution Among Tissues by Crop Plants

4 Cobalt

4.1 Importance of Co for Plant Metabolism and Physiology

4.2 Uptake of Co and Interactions With Other Nutrients

4.3 Cobalt Transport and Distribution Among Tissues by Crop Plants

5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 8: Roles of Molybdenum in Plants and Improvement of Its Acquisition and Use Efficiency

1 Introduction: Molybdenum Relevance and Its Acquisition By Plants

2 Molybdate Transporters

2.1 The MOT1 Family

2.2 The MOT2 Family

2.3 Other Plant Proteins Mediating Mo Transport

3 Nutrients Affecting Mo Homeostasis in Plants

4 Molybdenum in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

5 Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes

5.1 First Step: Pterin Synthesis

5.2 Second Step: MPT Synthesis

5.3 Third Step: MPT Activation

5.4 Fourth Step: Mo Insertion

6 The Sulfuration of Mo Cofactor in XOR and AO Enzymes

7 Storage of Mo Cofactor and Its Insertion in Molybdoenzymes

8 The Molybdoenzymes and Their Function

8.1 Xanthine Oxidoreductase/Dehydrogenase

8.2 Aldehyde Oxidase

8.3 Sulfite Oxidase

8.4 Nitrate Reductase

8.5 Amidoxime Reducing Component

9 Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: Proteomics of Micronutrient Deficiency and Toxicity

1 Introduction

2 Iron

2.1 Iron Deficiency

2.1.1 Energy metabolism

2.1.2 Nitrogen-metabolism

2.1.3 Cell wall

2.1.4 Redox homeostasis

2.2 Iron Toxicity

3 Copper

3.1 Copper Deficiency

3.2 Copper Toxicity

4 Zinc

4.1 Zinc Deficiency

4.2 Zinc Toxicity

5 Manganese

5.1 Manganese Deficiency

5.2 Manganese Toxicity

6 Boron

6.1 Boron Deficiency

6.2 Boron Toxicity

7 Conclusions and Future Perspective

References

Further Reading

Chapter 10: Oxidative Stress in Relation With Micronutrient Deficiency or Toxicity

1 Introduction

2 Generalities on Oxidative Metabolism

3 Iron Status and Oxidative Metabolism

4 Copper Status and Oxidative Metabolism

5 Manganese Status and Oxidative Metabolism

6 Zinc Status and Oxidative Metabolism

7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: Strategies for Increasing Micronutrient Availability in Soil for Plant Uptake

1 Introduction

2 Sources and Factors Affecting Soil Micronutrients

2.1 Source of Micronutrients

2.2 General Behavior of Micronutrients in Soils

2.2.1 Iron

2.2.2 Manganese

2.2.3 Zinc

2.2.4 Copper

2.2.5 Molybdenum

2.2.6 Boron

2.3 Other Factors Influencing Soil Micronutrient Availability

3 Distribution of Soil Available Micronutrient in the World

4 Agronomic Management of Micronutrients

5 Soil Micronutrient Availability Control in a Paddy System

5.1 The Effects of Fertilization and Water Management on Plant Morphology and Grain Yield

5.2 The Effects of Fertilization and Water Management on Micronutrient Concentration in Soil and Grain

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Micronutrients Use Efficiency of Crop-Plants Under Changing Climate

1 Introduction

2 The Importance of Micronutrients in Humans

3 The Role of Micronutrients in Plants

4 Mineral Nutrition of Crops Under Changing Climate

4.1 The Influence of Elevated [CO2] on Grain Minerals

4.1.1 Wheat

4.1.2 Rice

4.1.3 Legumes

4.2 The Effect of High Temperature and Drought on Crop Mineral Nutrient Concentration

5 Soil Nutrient Flow Under Future Climate

5.1 Soil Minerals Under Future Climate

5.2 Elevated [CO2] Influences the Mycorrhizal Associations and Root Exudates

5.3 Mineral Nutrition Under High Temperature and Water Stress

6 Mechanisms of Mineral Nutrition Under Climate Stress

6.1 Biomass Dilution

6.2 Reduction in Transpiration

6.3 Changes in Root Architecture

6.4 Change of Micronutrient Requirement

7 Strategies to Improve Grain Micronutrient Status Under Elevated [CO2]

7.1 Germplasm Screening

7.2 Crop Management

7.3 Knowledge Gaps

8 Conclusion

References

Further Reading

Chapter 13: Micronutrient Malnutrition and Biofortification: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

1 Introduction

2 Hunger and “Hidden Hunger”

3 Remedies of Micronutrient Malnutrition

3.1 Dietary Diversification

3.2 Food Supplements

3.3 Food Fortification

3.4 Biofortification

4 Biofortification Approaches

4.1 Agronomic Interventions

4.2 Genetic Biofortification

5 Reduction in Malnutrition Through Biofortification

5.1 Zinc Deficiency

5.2 Iron Deficiency

5.3 Vitamin A Deficiency

5.4 Iodine Deficiency

6 Climate Change and Biofortification

7 Conclusion and Future Research Thrusts

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 14: Genomic Approaches for Micronutrients Biofortification of Rice

1 Introduction

2 Conventional Breeding Approaches

3 Genomics of Micronutrient Biofortification

3.1 Quantitative Trait Loci for High Fe and Zn

3.2 microRNAs

3.3 Epigenetics

4 Genome Engineering

4.1 Mutations

4.2 Transgenic Development

4.3 Genome Editing

5 Bioavailability

6 Conclusion and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 15: Progress and Prospects for Micronutrient Biofortification in Rice/Wheat

1 Introduction

2 Staple Crops and Malnutrition

3 Biofortification and Traditional Methods

3.1 Agronomic Biofortification of Rice and Wheat

3.1.1 Wheat

3.1.2 Rice

3.2 Genetic Approaches to the Biofortification of Rice and Wheat

3.2.1 Wheat

3.2.2 Rice

3.2.3 Crop breeding

3.2.4 Transgenic approaches

4 Challenges of Bioavailability of Zn and Fe

5 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 16: Crops With Improved Nutritional Content Though Agricultural Biotechnology

1 Introduction

2 Biofortified Rice

3 Biofortified Maize and Cassava

4 Biofortified Potatoes

5 Biofortified Banana

6 Biofortified Sorghum and Millet

7 Biotechnology to Achieve Additional Health Benefits

8 Nutritionally Enhanced Tomato

9 Nutritionally Enhanced Oil Crops

10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

Further Reading

Index

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