Chapter
1.1.4 - Energy Productivity Trends
1.2 - Energy efficiency policies
1.2.1 - Benefits for Improving Energy Efficiency of Buildings
1.2.2 - Barriers for Energy Efficiency
1.2.3 - Energy Efficiency Programs for New Buildings
1.2.4 - Types of Building Energy Codes
1.2.5 - Overview of BEEC Establishment
1.2.6 - Beyond BEEC Requirements
1.2.7 - Holistic Design Approach
1.3 - Strategies for large scale EE program implementation
1.3.1 - Foundational Strategies for Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Program
1.3.2 - Voluntary Strategies for Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Program
1.3.3 - Mandatory Strategies for Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Program
1.3.4 - Approaches for Energy Intensive Buildings
Chapter 2 - Advanced Building Energy Efficiency Systems
2.2 Implementation of energy efficiency
2.2.1 Overview of Energy Efficiency Principles
2.2.2 Energy Efficiency Analysis Approaches
2.2.2.2 Whole-Building Approach
2.2.3 Comparative Analysis of Heating and Cooling Systems
2.3 Indoor thermal comfort
2.3.1 Overview of Thermal Comfort
2.3.2 Pierce Two-Node Model
2.3.4 ASHRAE Comfort Standard
2.3.5 Other Thermal Comfort Models
2.3.5.1 Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote
2.3.5.2 Extended Predicted Mean Vote
2.3.5.3 New Predicted Mean Vote
2.3.5.4 Actual Mean Vote Model
2.4 Whole-building energy models
2.4.1 Inverse Modeling Methods
2.4.1.1 Steady-State Inverse Models
2.4.2 Forward Modeling Methods
2.4.2.1 Steady-State Methods
2.4.2.2.1 RC Thermal Network Analysis Technique
2.4.2.2.2 Detailed Whole-Building Simulation Tools
2.5 Dynamic insulation materials and systems
2.5.1 Description of DIM Technology
2.5.2 Model for DIM Systems
2.5.3.1 Impact of Heating Degree Days
2.5.3.2 Impact of Cooling Degree Days
2.6 Thermo-active foundations
2.6.1 Overview of Thermo-active Foundations
2.6.2 Application of TAFs for Office Buildings
2.6.3 Application of TAFs to Residential Buildings
2.7 LED integrated controls
2.7.2 Evaluation of Optimal Controls for Lighting Systems
2.7.2.1 Configuration A: Eight Working Areas
2.7.2.1.1 ON/OFF Electrical Lighting Control
2.7.2.1.2 Two-Stepped Control
2.7.2.1.3 Dimming Controls
2.7.2.2 Configuration B: Working Area Close to Windows
2.7.2.3 Configuration C: Working Area Perpendicular to the Window Wall
2.7.4 Field Study Analysis
Chapter 3 - Control Strategies for Building Energy Systems
3.2 - Basic Control Principles
3.2.1 - Overview of Control System Components
3.2.2 - Transfer Function Analysis
3.2.4 - Intelligent Control Systems
3.2.5 - Types of Control Systems
3.3 - Supervisory Controllers
3.3.1 - Basic Components of an EMCS
3.3.2 - Typical Functions of ECMS
3.3.3 - Design Considerations of an EMCS
3.3.4 - Communication Protocols
3.4 - Model-Based Controls
3.5 - Control Applications
3.5.1 - Building Envelope Systems
3.5.1.1 - Swing Season Analysis
3.5.1.2 - Heating Season Analysis
3.5.1.3 - Cooling Season Analysis
3.5.1.4 - Comparative Analysis of Control Strategies
3.5.1.5 - Sensitivity Analysis
3.5.1.5.1 - Impact of the Utility Rates
3.5.1.5.2 - Impact of the Building Shape
3.5.2 - Electrical and Lighting Systems
3.5.2.1 - Motor Duty Cycling Controls
3.5.2.2.1 - Energy Savings from Daylighting Controls
3.5.3 - Optimal Start of HVAC Systems
3.5.4 - HVAC Equipment Operation
3.5.4.1 - Outdoor Air Intake Controls
3.5.4.2 - Demand Ventilation Controls
3.5.4.3 - Radiant Slab Heating Systems
3.5.4.4 - Cooling/Heating Central Plant Optimization
3.5.4.4.1 - Single Chiller Control Improvement
3.5.4.4.2 - Controls for Multiple Chillers
3.5.4.4.3 - Controls for Multiple Boilers
3.5.5 - HVAC Systems With Thermal Storage
3.5.5.1 - Precooling of Building Thermal Mass
3.5.5.2 - Passive and Active Thermal Energy Storage Systems
3.5.5.3 - Neural Network Controls of Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Chapter 4 - Utility Rate Structures and Grid Integration
4.2.1.1 - Overall Consumption and Price
4.2.1.2 - Future of US Electricity Generation
4.2.1.3 - Utility Deregulation Impact
4.3.1 Common Features of Utility Rates
4.3.1.2 - Power Factor Clause
4.3.1.4 - Fuel Cost Adjustment
4.3.2 - Block Pricing Rates
4.3.3 - Seasonal Pricing Rates
4.3.4.1 - Time-of-Use Rates
4.3.4.2 - The Real-Time-Pricing Rates
4.3.4.3 - The End-Use Rates
4.3.4.4 - Specialty Rates
4.3.4.5 - Financial Incentive Rates
4.3.4.7 - Energy Purchase Rates
4.3.5 - Real-Time Pricing Rates
4.3.5.1 - Category 1: Base Bill and Incremental Energy Charge Rates
4.3.5.2 - Category 2: Total Energy Charge Rates
4.3.5.3 - Category 3: Day-Type Rates
4.3.5.4 - Category 4: Index-Type Rates
4.3.5.5 - Case Study of RTP rates
4.5 - Utility Rates for Other Energy Sources
4.6 - Overview of Microgrids
4.6.2 - Benefits of Microgrids
4.6.3 - Types of Microgrids
4.6.4 - Interconnection With the Main Grid
4.7.1 - Types of Disturbances
4.7.1.5 - Voltage Unbalances
4.7.1.6 - Harmonic Distortions
4.7.1.7 - Voltage Fluctuations
4.7.1.8 - Electrical Noises
4.7.2 - Mitigation Options
4.7.2.1 - Multipulse Rectifiers
4.7.2.2 - Harmonic Filters
4.7.2.3 - Voltage Compensators
4.7.2.4 - Capacitor Banks
4.7.2.5 - Harmonic Mitigation Transformers
4.7.2.6 - Uninterruptible Power Supply
4.7.3 - Codes and Standards
4.8 - Demand-Side Management
4.8.1 - Electric Load Profiles
4.8.2 - Types of Demand Side Management Programs
4.8.3 - DSM Incentive Programs
4.8.3.1 - Price-Based Incentives
4.8.3.2 - Incentive-Based Programs
Chapter 5 - Life-Cycle Cost and Energy Productivity Analyses
5.3 - Compounding Factors
5.3.2 - Uniform-Series Payments
5.3.3 - Uniform Gradient Series Payments
5.4 - Economic Evaluation Methods
5.4.1 - Net Present Worth
5.4.3 - Benefit-Cost Ratio
5.4.4 - Discounted and Simple Payback Periods
5.4.6 - Summary of Economic Analysis Methods
5.5 - Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Method
5.5.1 - General Analysis Approach
5.5.2 - Application: Cost-Effectiveness of Cool Roof Coatings
5.6 - General Procedure for an Economic Evaluation
5.7 - Energy Productivity Analysis
5.7.1 - Overview of Energy Productivity
5.7.2 - Benefits of Building Energy Efficiency
5.8 - Basic Energy Productivity Analysis Approach
5.8.1 - Macroeconomic Analysis
5.8.2 - Evaluation of Impact of Energy Efficiency Interventions
5.8.3 - Microeconomic Analysis
5.8.4 - Application: Evaluation of Improved Designs for Villas
5.8.5 - Estimation of Change in Value Added
5.8.6 - Uncertainty Analysis of Energy Productivity Changes
5.9 - Application to Large-Scale Building Retrofit Program Analysis
5.9.2 - Analysis of Impacts of Energy Efficiency Programs for New Buildings
5.9.3 - Analysis of Impacts of Energy Retrofit Programs for Existing Buildings
5.9.3.1 - Program Implementation Considerations
5.9.3.2 - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
5.9.3.3 - Job Creation and Market Potential of EE Industry
5.9.3.4 - Energy Productivity Analysis
5.9.3.5 - Analysis Conclusions
Chapter 6 - Integrated Design and Retrofit of Buildings
6.2 - Building energy optimization approaches
6.2.1 - Sequential Search
6.2.2 - Genetic Algorithm
6.2.3 - Particle Swarm Optimization
6.3 - Building low-energy systems
6.3.1 - Natural Ventilation
6.3.3 - Evaporative Coolers
6.3.5 - Radiant Heating Systems
6.3.6 - Radiant Cooling Systems
6.3.7 - Analysis of Low-Energy Systems
6.4 - Renewable energy systems
6.4.1 - Passive Solar Heating Systems
6.4.2 - Solar Thermal Collectors
6.4.3 - Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems
6.4.4 - Solar Combi-Systems
6.4.5.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems
6.4.5.2 Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors
6.5 - Near-optimal analysis methodology
6.5.1 - General Methodology Description
6.5.2 - Validation of Optimization Results
6.6 - Case study: optimal designs of office buildings
6.6.1 - Analysis Approach
6.6.2 - Representative Climatic Zones
6.6.3 - Energy Efficiency Measures
6.6.4 - Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
6.6.5 - Optimization Analysis Approach
6.6.6 - Discussion of Selected Results
6.6.7 - Sensitivity Analysis
6.6.8 - General Discussion
Chapter 7 - Integrated Design of Communities
7.2 - General Design Approach
7.3 - Renewable Power Generation Systems
7.3.3 - Concentrated PV Systems
7.3.4 - Concentrated Solar Power Systems
7.3.4.1 - Installation Costs
7.3.4.2 - Operation and Maintenance Costs
7.3.4.3 - Solar Radiation Requirements
7.3.4.4 - Site Selection for CSP Plants
7.3.4.5 - Operation Modes
7.3.4.6 - Performance Analysis of CSP Systems
7.4 - Fuel-Based Generation Systems
7.4.1 - Conventional Cogeneration Systems
7.4.1.2 - Reciprocating Engines
7.4.2 - Packaged Cogeneration Systems
7.4.3 - Distributed Generation Technologies
7.5 - Case Study 1: Carbon-Neutral Residential Communities in Kuwait
7.5.1 - Renewable Energy Resources
7.5.2 - Building Design Specifications
7.5.3 - Renewable Generation Systems
7.5.4 - Optimization Analysis
7.5.4.1 - Impact of Generation Technologies
7.5.4.2 - Impact of Community Size and Design
7.5.4.3 - Impact of Grid Electricity Price
7.5.4.4 - Impact of PV Installation Costs
7.5.4.5 - Analysis of CSP Plants
7.6 - Case Study 2: Design of Optimal Hybrid Systems
7.6.2 - Optimization Design Approach
7.6.3 - Electrical and Thermal Loads
7.6.3.1 - Energy Resource Assessment
7.6.4 - Electricity and Fuel Prices
7.6.5 - Optimization Analysis
Chapter 8 - Integrated Design of Energy Efficient Cities
8.2 - Sustainable urban transport
8.3 - District energy systems
8.3.3 - Technologies for Heating Systems
8.3.4 - Technologies for Cooling Systems
8.3.5 - Types of Distribution Systems
8.3.6 - End-User Systems for DES
8.3.7 - Cost Analysis of DES
8.4 - Fossil fuel-fired boilers
8.4.2 - Simplified Analysis of Energy Performance of Boilers
8.5.1 - Types of Chillers
8.5.2 - Operation of Multiple Chillers
8.5.3 - Simplified Analysis of Energy Performance of Chillers
8.6 - Thermal energy systems
8.6.1 - Types of TES Systems
8.6.2 - Principles of TES Systems
8.6.3 - TES Control Strategies
8.6.4 - Simplified Analysis of TES Performance
8.7 - Thermal analysis of underground piping systems
8.8.1 - Cool Roof Properties
8.8.2 - Energy Standards for Cool Roofs
8.8.3 - Performance of Static Cool Roofs
8.8.4 - Performance of Dynamic Cool Roofs
8.8.5 - Energy Savings Potential of Cool Roofs
8.8.6 - Economic Analysis of Cool Roofs
8.8.7 - Selection Guidelines and Benefits of Cool Roofs
8.9 - Intelligent controls and management
8.9.1 - Data Collection Systems for Smart Cities
8.9.2 - Overview of Smart Grids
Chapter 9 - Analysis of Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Programs
9.2 - Energy building stock modeling
9.2.1 - Top–Down Modeling Approaches
9.2.2 - Bottom–Up Statistical Modeling Methods
9.2.3 - Bottom–Up Deterministic Engineering Modeling Methods
9.2.4 - Bottom–Up Stochastic Engineering Modeling Methods
9.3 - Prototypes of US residential buildings
9.4 - US commercial reference building models
9.5 - Impact of energy efficiency on occupant productivity
9.5.1 - Impact of Indoor Thermal Comfort
9.5.2 - Impact of Indoor Air Quality
9.6 - Large-scale EE programs for residential buildings
9.6.1 - Housing Energy Consumption in GCC Region
9.6.2 - Impact of Individual Energy Efficiency Strategies
9.6.3 - Analysis of Retrofit Programs for Existing Buildings
9.6.4 - Estimation of Nonenergy Benefits
9.6.4.1 - Impact of Work Productivity
9.6.4.2 - Impact of Real Estate Asset Value
9.6.5 - Benefit Analysis of EE and RE Strategies
Optimal Design and Retrofit of Energy Efficient Buildings, Communities, and Urban Centers
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