Chapter
1.3.2.1 Hollow-Fiber Melt Spinning
1.3.2.2 Fiber Melt Spinning
1.3.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly
1.4 Conclusion and Future Trends
2 Surface Modification of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Polymer Nanocomposites
2.2 Surface Modification of Carbon Nanomaterials for Polymer Nanocomposites
2.2.1 Surface Modification Via Noncovalent Functionalization
2.2.1.1 Surface Modification of Graphene Via Noncovalent Functionalization
2.2.1.2 Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes via Noncovalent Functionalization
2.2.2 Surface Modification Via Covalent Functionalization
2.2.2.1 Functionalization of CNTs and Graphene Using Click Chemistry
2.2.2.1.1 Functionalization of CNTs Using Click Chemistry
2.2.2.1.2 Functionalization of Graphene Using Click Chemistry
2.2.2.2 Functionalization of CNT and Graphene Using Block Copolymers
2.2.2.2.1 Functionalization of CNTs Using Block Copolymers
2.2.2.2.2 Functionalization of Graphene Using Block Copolymers
2.2.2.3 Functionalization of CNTs and Graphene Using Dendritic Polymers
2.2.2.3.1 Functionalization of CNTs Using Dendritic Polymers
2.2.2.3.2 Functionalization of Graphene Using Dendritic Polymers
3 Characterizations of Carbon-Based Polypropylene Nanocomposites
3.2 Polypropylene/Graphene Nanoplatelet Nanocomposites
3.3 Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
3.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
4 Indentation Methods for the Characterization of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
4.1 Introduction: Basic Concepts and Approaches in Indentation Research
4.2 Basic Approaches, Dependencies, and Characteristics in Classical, Conventional Indentation Measurements
4.3 Microindentation Methods Developed by Our Working Group as an Interlink Between Conventional Indentation Tests and DSI ...
4.3.1 Determination of the Indentation Depth (h) in Loaded State of the Indenter Using a Standard Vickers Microhardness Device
4.4 Depth-Sensing Indentation (DSI)
4.4.1 Theoretical and Empirical Works Related to Micro- and Nanoindentation
4.4.2 Indentation Characteristics
4.4.3 Choosing an Appropriate Regime for the Indentation Experiment
4.4.3.1 Mode of Loading With Possibility for Retaining
4.4.3.2 Mode of Loading and Unloading
4.4.3.3 Mode With a Cyclic Loading Test With and Without Retention
4.4.3.4 Stepwise Loading Mode
4.4.3.5 Mode Step-Loading and Unloading
4.4.3.6 Continuous Stiffness Measurements (CSMs)
4.5 Nanoindentation Experiment Combined With Simulation by the Finite Elements Method (FEM)
4.5.1 Disadvantages of a Purely Experimental Approach
4.5.2 Numerical Simulation by FEM Application
4.5.3 Combination of Indentation Experiments With FEM
4.6 Polymer Nanocomposites Filled With Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Studied by DSI
4.6.1 The Nature of Fillers
4.6.2 The Nature of the Polymer Matrix
4.6.3 The Filler–Matrix Interaction
4.6.4 The Orientation and Anisotropy of Two- or One-Dimensional Nanofiller as Graphene and CNTs, Respectively
4.6.5 Dimensions and Imperfections of Carbon Nanofillers
4.6.6 Changes in the Matrix Morphology Caused by the Presence of a Nanofiller
4.6.7 The Filler Concentration
4.7 Other Scopes for Studying Carbon-Based Nanocomposites by Indentation Techniques
4.7.1 Time-Dependent Nanomechanical Characteristics
4.7.2 Healing or Self-Healing of the Polymer Nanocomposites
4.7.3 Indentation Size Effects (ISE)
4.7.4 Direct Study of the Intimate Interaction between the Polymer Matrix and the Nanofiller
4.7.5 Applicability of Additive Law
4.7.6 Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced With Different Types of Carbon Nanomaterials
4.7.7 Determining the Degree of Nanofiller Dispersion Via Nanoindentation Methods
4.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
5 A Review on Polymeric Nanocomposites: Effect of Hybridization and Synergy on Electrical Properties
5.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.2.3 Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNPs)
5.2.4 Other Carbon Nanomaterials
5.3.2 In Situ Polymerization
5.4 Multifunctional Properties and Applications
5.4.1 Electrical Properties
5.4.3 Mechanical Properties
5.5 Hybrid Polymeric Nanocomposites
5.5.1 Carbon/Carbon Hybrid Nanofillers
5.5.3 Carbon Fiber/Nanomaterials
5.5.5 Effect of Microstructure
5.5.6 Effect of Functionalization
5.6 Electrically Conductive Hybrid PNCs
5.6.1 Percolation Threshold
5.6.2 Electrical Conductivity
5.6.5 Analytical Modeling
6 Properties of Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fibers
6.2 Methodologies to Prepare and Modify Graphene
6.2.1 Methodologies to Prepare Graphene
6.2.2 Modification of Graphene
6.2.2.1 Modification Via Noncovalent Interactions
6.2.2.1.1 π–π Stacking Interactions
6.2.2.1.2 Electrostatic Interactions
6.2.2.1.3 Hydrogen Bonding
6.2.2.1.4 Coordination Bonds
6.2.2.1.5 van der Waals Force
6.2.2.2 Modification Via Covalent Interactions
6.2.2.2.1 Modifications of Graphene Via Substitutional Reaction and Doping
6.2.2.2.2 Functionalization of Graphene Via Cyclization Reactions
6.2.2.2.3 Modification of Graphene Via Free Radical Addition Reactions
6.2.2.2.4 Modification of Graphene Via Residual Groups
6.3 Preparation of Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fibers
6.3.3 In Situ Polymerization
6.4 Properties of Graphene/Fiber Materials
6.4.1 Mechanical Properties
6.4.1.1 Spraying Graphene Into Fiber
6.4.1.2 Melt Mixing Graphene Into Fiber
6.4.1.3 In Situ Polymerization to Mix Graphene With Fiber
6.4.1.4 Solvent Processing to Mix Graphene With Fiber
6.4.1.4.1 Mixing Graphene With Natural Macromolecules
6.4.1.4.2 Mixing Graphene With Polymer
6.4.2 Electrical Conductivity
6.5 Applications of Graphene/Fiber Composites
6.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
7 Experimental and Computational Aspects of Electronic Properties of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
7.2 Electron Transport Phenomena
7.3 Computational Studies
7.3.1 CNT-Based Nanocomposites
7.3.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
7.4.1 SWCNT-Based Nanocomposites
7.4.2 MWCNT-Based Nanocomposites
7.4.3 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
7.4.4 Correlation Between Computational and Experimental Efforts
7.5 Perspectives on CNT/Graphene Polymer Systems
8 Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix
8.1 CNT/Polymer Composites
8.3 Randomly Oriented CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
8.4.1 Alignment Mechanism
8.5 Alignment of CNTs in Polymer Matrix
8.5.1 Electrically Aligned CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
8.5.1.1 Characterization of Electrically Aligned CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
8.5.2 Magnetically Aligned CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
8.5.2.1 Characterization of Magnetically Aligned CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
8.6 Applications of CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
II. Environmental Application of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
9 Ultrafiltration Membranes Incorporated with Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Antifouling Improvement and Heavy Metal Removal
9.2 Nanocomposite Membranes for Antifouling Improvement
9.3 Nanocomposite Membranes for Heavy Metal Removal
10 Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Membrane for Acidic Gas Separation
10.1 Acidic Gas and Membrane Separation
10.3 Fillers and Carbon Materials
10.3.1 Carbon Molecular Sieve
10.3.3 Graphene-Based Materials
10.4 Effects of Carbon Filler Incorporation
10.5 Filler–Polymer Compatibility
10.6 Filler Functionalization
11 Recent Developments of Carbon Nanomaterials-Incorporated Membranes, Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Membranes for Oily Wast...
11.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-Incorporated Membranes
11.2.1 Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterial-Incorporated Membrane
11.2.2 Carbon Nanotube-Incorporated Membranes
11.2.3 Graphene-Incorporated Membranes
11.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
12 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for Desalination
12.2 Preparation Methods of Nanocomposite Desalination Membranes
12.2.2 Interfacial Polymerization
12.2.3 Surface Coating, Grafting, and Other Methods
12.3 Types of Used Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in the Nanocomposite Desalination Membrane
12.3.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide
12.3.3 Other Allotropes of Carbon
12.3.4 Hybrid Carbon-Based/Inorganic Additives
12.4 Challenges of Nanocomposite Membranes and Possible Solutions
12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
13 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Dye and Pigment Removal
13.2 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
13.2.1 Classification of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
13.2.2 Characteristics of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Dye and Pigment Removal
13.3 Standalone Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Dye and Pigment Removal
13.3.2 Graphene-Related Materials
13.4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Dye and Pigment Removal
13.4.1 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites
13.4.1.1 Application of CNT/Polymer Composite for Removal of Pigment and Dye by Membrane Processes
13.4.1.2 Application of CNT/Polymer Composite for Removal of Pigment and Dye by Adsorption Process
13.4.2 Graphene/Polymer Composites
13.4.2.1 Application of Graphene/Polymer Composite for Removal of Pigment and Dye by Membrane Processes
13.4.2.2 Application of Graphene/Polymer Composite for Removal of Pigment and Dye by Adsorption Processes
13.4.3 Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites
14 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensing Applications
14.3 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites Sensors
14.3.1 Mechanical Sensors
14.3.4 Temperature Sensors
14.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
15 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites as Electrodes for Microbial Fuel Cells
15.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and Applications
15.2.2 Wastewater Treatment
15.2.4 Robotics, Biosensors, and Biomedical Applications
15.3 MFC Electrode Modification
15.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube-Modified Anodes
15.3.1.2 Polymer-Modified Anodes
15.3.1.3 Polymer Nanocomposite-Modified Anodes
15.3.1.4 Metal Oxide Nanocomposite-Modified Anodes
15.3.2.1 Carbon-Based Metal-Free Cathodes
15.3.2.2 Carbon–Metal-Based Cathodes
III. Energy Application of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
16 Modification of Carbon-Based Electroactive Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
16.2 Carbon-Based Electroactive Materials
16.2.1 Activated Carbon (AC)
16.2.1.1 Organic Molecule Modifications of Activated Carbon
16.2.1.2 Inorganic Molecule Modifications of Activated Carbon
16.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
16.2.2.1 Organic Molecule Modifications of Carbon Nanotubes
16.2.2.2 Inorganic Molecule Modifications of Carbon Nanotubes
16.2.3.1 Organic Molecule Modifications of Graphene
16.2.3.2 Inorganic Molecule Modifications of Graphene
17 Approaches and Challenges of Polyaniline–Graphene Nanocomposite for Energy Application
17.2.1 Double-Layer Capacitors
17.2.3 Functioning of Pseudocapacitance
17.3 Materials Used for Electrochemical Devices
17.3.1 Carbon-Based Material
17.3.1.2 Functionalized Graphene
17.3.1.3 Modified Graphene
17.3.2 Conducting Polymer PANI
17.3.2.2 Graphene and Carbon-Based Compound Composite
17.3.3.1 PANI and RGO Nanocomposites
17.3.3.2 Modified PANI and rGO Composite
17.3.3.3 PANI and Graphene
17.3.3.4 Modified PANI and Graphene
17.3.3.5 PANI and Graphene Oxide
17.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of Electrochemical Devices
17.4.3 Effect of Morphology on Performance
17.4.5 Amount of Reactants
17.4.6 Method of Fabrication
17.4.7 Miscellaneous Factors
17.5 Importance of Supercapacitors
18 Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells
18.1.1 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Membranes
18.2 CNTs and Modified CNT Fillers
18.3 Graphene and Modified Graphene Fillers
18.4 Other Carbonaceous Fillers
18.5 Free-Standing GO-Based PEMs
18.6 Composite PEMs With GO
18.7 Composite PEMs With Carbon Nanotubes
18.8 Composite PEMs with Other Carbonaceous Fillers
18.9 Conclusions and Perspectives
19 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites as Electrolytes
19.2 Mechanism of Proton Conduction in PEM
19.3 Classification and Properties of Nanocomposites as Inorganic Nanoparticle Materials
19.4 Fundamental Properties of Different Types of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes
19.4.1 Perfluorinated Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite PEMs
19.4.2 Nonfluorinated Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite PEMs
19.4.2.1 Polyphosphazene-Based Membrane
19.4.2.2 Poly Ether Ether Ketone-Based Membrane
19.4.2.3 Polyimide-Based Membrane
19.4.2.4 Polybenzimidazole (PBI)-Based Membrane
19.4.2.5 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)
19.4.3 Natural Polymer Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite PEMs
20 Carbon-Based Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
20.2 Graphene/PANI Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
20.2.1 In Situ Chemical Oxidative Polymerization
20.2.2 In Situ Electropolymerization
20.2.3 Interfacial Polymerization
20.2.5 Pickering Emulsion Polymerization
20.3 CNT/PANI Composites for Supercapacitors
20.3.1 In Situ Polymerization
20.4 Other PANI Composites for Supercapacitors
20.5 Conclusions and Outlook
21 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite for Lithium-Ion Batteries
21.2 Cathode Electrodes Based on Carbon–Polymer Composite
21.2.1 Carbon–Polymer Binary Composite as Cathode Materials
21.2.2 Carbon–Polymer Ternary Composite as Cathode Materials
21.2.2.1 Carbon-LiFePO4/PANi Composite Cathode
21.2.2.2 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Carbon-Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) Composite Cathode
21.2.2.3 Carbon/Polymer/Sulfur Composite Cathode
21.3 Anode Electrodes Based on Carbon–Polymer Composites
21.3.1 Transitional Metal Oxide Anodes Based on Carbon–Polymer
21.3.2 Sn/Si/Carbon–Polymer-Based Anodes
21.3.2.1 Sn/Carbon–Polymer-Based Anodes
21.3.2.2 Si/Carbon–Polymer-Based Anodes
21.4 Summary and Perspectives
22 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite for Photovoltaic Devices
22.2 Structures and Properties of Carbon-Based Materials
22.2.1 Amorphous Carbon (a-C)
22.3 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis Method
22.3.2 Melt Blending and Melt Processing
22.3.3 In situ Polymerization
22.4 Physical Properties of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
22.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Polymers for PV Devices
22.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
Carbon-based Polymer Nanocomposites for Environmental and Energy Applications
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
