Chapter
1.2.5 Particle Board Production
1.2.6.1 Agricultural and Food Processing Residues
1.2.6.3 Dedicated Crops (Terrestrial and Aquatic)
1.3 Biorefining as a Possibility to Obtain Bioproducts
1.3.1 Chemical Composition of Biomass
1.3.2 Biomass Valorization Using the Biorefinery Concept
1.3.3 Chemicals From Biomass
1.4 Categories of Bioproducts
2 - MICROALGAE AS RENEWABLE RAW MATERIAL FOR BIOPRODUCTS: IDENTIFICATION AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MICROALGAE FROM A R ...
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.2 Identification Microalgal Species
2.3.2 Identification of Microalgae Species
2.3.3 Biochemical Composition of Harvested Biomass
2.3.4 Fatty Acid and Neutral Sugar Composition
2.4 Discussion and Review
2.4.3 Composition of Microalgae
3 - MACROALGAE BIOMASS AS SORBENT FOR METAL IONS
3.3 Biosorption Ability in Raw Forms
3.3.1 Cationic Heavy Metals
3.3.1.1 Mechanism and Biosorption Capacities
3.3.1.4 Effect of Ionic Strength
3.3.1.5 Effect of Temperature
3.3.1.7 Continuous Mode Applications
3.3.2 Anionic Metals and Toxic Metalloids
3.4 Biosorption Ability After Chemical Modifications
3.4.1 Surface Modification Approaches
3.4.1.2 Saturation With Light Cations
3.4.1.4 Treatment With Aldehydes
3.4.1.6 Other Surface Modifications
4 - INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR FINE CHEMICAL OBTAINING: POLYPHENOLS
4.1 Complex and Integrated Processing of Biomass Resources
4.1.1 Biomass: Categories and Types, Assessment, and Possibilities to Develop and Increase Biomass Resources
4.1.1.1 Biomass Categories and Types
4.1.1.2 Biomass Feedstock
4.1.2 Integrated Processing of Biomass for Obtaining Fine Chemicals (Polyphenols, Carotenoids, Oils, and Other Bio Products)
4.1.2.1 The Biorefinery Concept. Green Chemistry Highlights Installment
4.1.2.2 Biomass for Biomaterials and Bioproducts
4.1.2.3 A Biorefining System to Obtain Priory Bio Products
4.2 Pholyphenols as Secondary Bioactive Aromatic Compounds Recovered by Biorefining
4.2.1 Phytochemical Research: Extraction, Purification, and Quantification of Polyphenols Using Conventional and “Green” Techniques
4.2.1.1 Conventional Extraction Conditions and Methods
4.2.1.1.1 Extraction of Polyphenols
4.2.1.1.1.1 Extraction Conditions
4.2.1.1.1.2 Extraction Methods
4.2.1.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. Up to Date of Working Conditions
4.2.1.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
4.2.1.2.2 Principle of Extraction and General Procedures of Microwave-Assisted Extraction
4.2.1.2.3 Optimum Operation Conditions for Polyphenols Separated With Microwave-Assisted Extraction From Biomass
4.2.1.2.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.2.1.2.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4.2.1.3 Assessment of Natural Polyphenols Biological Activity
4.2.1.3.1 Antioxidant Activity (Radical Scavenging Activity)
5 - ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF BIOMASS USE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION: METHODOLOGY FOR INVOLVING STAKEHOLDERS IN DECISION M ...
5.2 Theory Behind the Stakeholder Analysis Approach
5.2.1 Identifying the Stakeholders for a Biomass-Based Energy Project
5.2.2 The Role of Stakeholders in Developing Successful Bioenergy Applications
5.2.3 Methods for Decision Making Through Participatory Processes
5.2.4 Biofuel and Bioenergy Applications: Stakeholders and Supply Chain-Market-Legislation-Regulation Relations in Macro-Level An ...
5.4 Results and Discussion
6 - BIODIESEL, A GREEN FUEL OBTAINED THROUGH ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS
6.1.1 What Is Biodiesel? And Why Biodiesel?
6.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel
6.4 Biodiesel Production by Nonenzymatic Transesterification
6.4.1 Chemocatalytical Production of Biodiesel
6.4.1.1 Homogenous Alkaline Catalysis
6.4.1.2 Heterogeneous Alkaline Catalysis
6.5 Production of Biodiesel in Supercritical Conditions in Noncatalytical Processes
6.6 Biodiesel Production by Enzymatic Transesterification
6.6.1 Lipases, the Biocatalysts for Biodiesel Fabrication
6.6.2 Enzyme Immobilization
6.6.2.1 Immobilization by Adsorption
6.6.2.2 Cross-Linking of Enzymes
6.6.2.3 Immobilization by Covalent Attachment
6.6.2.5 Activation of the Carboxyl Group
6.6.2.5.2 Activation of the Hydroxyl Group
6.6.2.5.3 The Use of Detergents for Covalent Immobilization of Lipases
6.6.2.6 Entrapment Methods
6.6.2.7 Whole Cell Immobilization
6.6.3 Supercritical Enzymatic Biodiesel Fabrication
6.6.4 Key Factors in Enzyme Alcoholysis of Triacylglycerols
6.6.4.1 The Nature of Acyl Acceptor
6.6.4.2 The Effect of Temperature
6.6.4.3 The Water Content of Enzyme Systems
6.6.5 Possible Improvements of Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel
6.6.5.1 Techniques to Improve the Reaction of Obtaining Biodiesel
6.6.5.1.1 Using a Mixture of Lipases
6.6.5.1.2 Lipase Pretreatment
6.6.6 Improving Enzyme Stability and Activity
6.6.6.1 Protein Engineering
6.6.6.2 Metabolic Engineering
7 - CATALYTIC APPROACHES TO THE PRODUCTION OF FURFURAL AND LEVULINATES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSES
7.2 Conversion of Lignocelluloses to Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
7.2.1 Possible Pathways for the Formation of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
7.2.3 Catalyst and Medium
7.2.3.1 Catalytic Conversions in Water
7.2.3.2 Catalytic Conversions in Ionic Liquids (ILs)
7.2.3.3 Catalytic Conversions in Biphasic Systems
7.2.4.1 Derivatization of the Aldehyde or Hydroxymethyl Group
7.2.4.2 Oxidation Reaction of the Aldehyde or Hydroxymethyl Group
7.2.4.3 Reduction Reaction of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
7.2.4.4 Condensation Reaction of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
7.2.4.5 Transformations Involving Cleavage of the Furan Ring
7.3 Conversion of Lignocelluloses Into Levulinic Acid (LA)
7.3.1 Possible Pathways for the Formation of Levulinic Acid (LA)
7.3.2 Catalytic Conversions in Aqueous Media
7.3.3 Catalytic Conversions in Alcohol Media
7.3.4.1 Esters, Amides, Ketals, Alcohols, and Ethers
7.3.4.2 Transformation into Fuels
7.3.4.3 Transformations Leading to Renewable Monomers, Solvents, and Special Chemicals
7.4 Conclusion and Outlook
8 - BIOMASS-DERIVED POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES: BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
8.2 Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.3.1 Chemical Digestion of Non-Polyhydroxyalkanoates Cellular Content
8.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Solvent Extraction
8.3.3 Purification of the Extracted Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Medical Applications
8.4 Properties of Microbial Polyesters
8.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Biodegradability
8.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Modifications
8.5.1 Bulk Material Modification
8.5.2 Surface Modifications: Chemical and Physical Methods
8.6 Medical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
8.6.2 Cell Growth for Tissue Engineering
8.6.3 Skin Tissue Engineering
8.6.4 Nerve Conduits Tissue Engineering
9 - BIOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
9.2 Structural Features of Lignocellulose
9.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion
9.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.4.1 Cellulases: Modular Structures and Their Functions
9.4.2 Structural Features of Substrate
9.5 Biomass Feedstocks for Biofuels and Bioproducts
10 - CHEMICALLY MODIFIED POLYSACCHARIDES WITH APPLICATIONS IN NANOMEDICINE
10.3.2 Grafted Dextran Derivatives
10.3.2.1 Graft Copolymers
10.3.2.2 Dextran Derivatives
10.4.1 Gellan Etherification Reactions
10.4.2 Gellan Esterification Reactions
10.4.3 Gellan Modification With Peptides
10.4.5 Grafting Reactions on Gellan
10.5.1 Alginate Esterification
10.5.2 Alginate Etherification
10.5.3 Alginate Amidation
10.5.4 Alginate Modification With Peptides
10.5.5 Alginate Oxidation
10.5.6 Grafting Reactions on Alginate
11 - CELLULOSE-BASED HYDROGELS FOR MEDICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
11.2 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
11.3 Preparation of Cellulose Hydrogels
11.3.1 Physical Cross-Linked Hydrogels
11.3.1.1 Hydrogels From Native Cellulose
11.3.1.2 Hydrogels From Cellulose Nanoparticles
11.3.1.3 Hydrogels From Bacterial Cellulose
11.3.1.4 Hydrogels From Cellulose Derivatives
11.3.2 Chemical Cross-Linked Hydrogels
11.3.2.1 Hydrogels From Native Cellulose
11.3.2.2 Hydrogels From Cellulose Derivatives
11.4 Applications of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels
11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
12 - THERMORESPONSIVE SUPRAMOLECULAR HYDROGELS COMPRISING DIBLOCK METHYLCELLULOSE DERIVATIVES
12.2 Synthesis of Monodisperse Diblock and Triblock Methylated Cello-Oligosaccharide Derivatives
12.3 Polydisperse Mixture of Block Co-Oligomers of Tri-O-Methylated and Unmodified Cello-Oligosaccharides
12.4 Regioselectively Methylated Cellulose
12.5 Diblock Methylcelluloses With Regioselective Functionalization Patterns
12.6 Diblock Methylcellulose Analogues
12.8 Thermoresponsive Supramolecular Hydrogel
Biomass as Renewable Raw Material to Obtain Bioproducts of High-Tech Value
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