Environmental Services and Agriculture ( Agriculture Issues and Policies )

Publication series : Agriculture Issues and Policies

Author: Karl T. Poston  

Publisher: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.‎

Publication year: 2018

E-ISBN: 9781617284069

Subject: X5 Environmental Pollution and Prevention

Keyword: 环境污染及其防治

Language: ENG

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Environmental Services and Agriculture

Description

U.S. farmers and ranchers produce a wide variety of commodities for food, fuel and fiber in response to market signals. Farms also contain significant amounts of natural resources that can provide a host of environmental services, including cleaner air and water, flood control, and improved wildlife habitat. Environmental services are often valued by society, but because they are a public good — that is, people can obtain them without paying for them, farmers and ranchers may not benefit financially from producing them. As a result, farmers and ranchers under-provide these services. This book explores the use of market mechanisms, such as emissions trading and eco-labels, to increase private investment in environmental stewardship. Such investments could complement or even replace public investments in traditional conservation programs. This book also defines roles for government in the creation and function of markets for environmental services.

Chapter

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES FROMAGRICULTURE

WATER QUALITY

AIR QUALITY

WILDLIFE

Grassland Habitat

Wetland Habitat

DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

SUMMARY

MARKET BASICS

MARKETS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

WHY DO MARKETS FAIL?

Public Goods

Transaction Costs

Uncertainty

Institutional Barriers

SUMMARY

WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM CURRENTMARKETS?

WATER QUALITY MARKETS

TRADING CAN REDUCE THE COST OF LOWERING EMISSIONS

Issues in Demand for Credits from Agriculture

Issues in Supply of Credits from Agriculture

Future Role for Agriculture in Trading Programs?

Data and Analysis

Results

GREENHOUSE GASES AND AGRICULTURE

Issues in Demand for GHG Reductions

Regulatory Markets

Voluntary Markets

Issues in Supply of Carbon Sequestration

Issues in the Supply of Methane Capture

WETLANDS’ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ANDAGRICULTURE

Wetland Mitigation Markets

Issues in Supply

Issues in Demand

Balancing Supply and Demand

The Competitiveness of Mitigation Markets

MARKET INCENTIVES FOR WILDLIFE

Background

Supply Issues

Demand Issues

A Policy Simulation

Implications

“USDA ORGANIC” AND OTHER ECO-LABELS INAGRICULTURE

National Organic Standards Define an Ecological ProductionSystem

Issues in Supply: Major Farm Sectors Lag in Adopting OrganicSystems

Issues in Demand

Emerging Eco-labels

Summary

LESSONS LEARNED AND POTENTIAL ROLESFOR GOVERNMENT

ISSUE: PERFORMANCE OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

ISSUE: STANDARDS AND VERIFICATION

ISSUE: COST OF INFORMATION

ISSUE: BRINGING TOGETHER BUYERS AND SELLERS

ISSUE: COORDINATING CONSERVATION PROGRAMS WITHMARKETS

ISSUE: THE ROLE OF POLICY

MARKETS ARE NOT ALWAYS THE ANSWER

REFERENCES

APPENDIX: PREDICTING THE LOCATION OFNEW MITIGATION BANKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDEX

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