INDOOR WORK AND LIVINGENVIRONMENTS: HEALTH, SAFETYAND PERFORMANCE

CONTENTS

PREFACE

INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN GREECE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN RESIDENCES

2.1.General Description of Existing Studies in Greece

2.2.Particulate Matter in Residences

2.2.1. General Characteristics of Particulate Matter

2.2.1.1. Sources and Levels of Particulate Matter in Residences

2.2.1.2.Particle Production from Smoking

2.2.1.3.Particle Production from Cooking and Cleaning, Etc

2.2.2 Indoor Particulate Levels in Greece

2.2.2.1. Concentration of PM10 in Residences in Greece

2.2.2.2. Concentration of PM2.5 in Residences in Greece

2.2.2.3. PM1 Concentrations Inside Residences in Greece

2.3. Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Greek Residences

2.3.1. Carbon Dioxide Sources in the Interior of Buildings

2.3.2. Carbon Dioxide Inside Greek Residences

2.4. Carbon Monoxide in Greek Residences

2.4.1. Sources of Carbon Monoxide in the Indoor Air

2.4.2. Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in Greek Residences

2.5. Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Greek Residences

2.5.1. Sources of Organic Volatile Unions in Residences

2.5.2. Tvocs Concentrations in Greek Residences

2.5.3. Volatile Organic Compounds in Greek Residences

3. INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

3.1. Existing Studies in Greece

3.2.Particulate Matter in Educational Buildings

3.2.1. Sources of Particulate Matter

3.2.2. Indoor Levels of Particulate Matter in Greek Educational Buildings

3.3. Carbon Dioxide in Educational Buildings

3.3.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Educational Buildings

3.3.2. CO2 Concentration Levels in Greek Educational Buildings

3.4. CO Concentration Levels in Greek Educational Buildings

3.4.1.Indoor Levels of CO in Educational Buildings

3.4.2. Indoor Levels of CO in Greek Educational Buildings

3.5. Volatile Organic Compounds in Educational Buildings

3.5.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Schools

3.5.2. Indoor Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Greek Educational Buildings

4.INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN MUSEUMS AND CULTURAL CENTRES

4.1. General Description of Existing Studies in Greece

4.2. Particulate Matter in Museums and Cultural Centres

4.2.1. Sources and Levels of Particulate Matter in Museums and Cultural Centres

4.2.2. Indoor Levels of Particulate Matter in Greek Museums and Cultural Centres

4.3. Carbon Dioxide in Museums and Cultural Centres

4.3.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Greek Museums and CulturalCentres

4.4. Carbon Monoxide in Museums and Cultural Centres

4.4.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Museums and CulturalCentres

4.4.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Greek Museums andCultural Centres

4.5. Volatile Organic Compounds in Museums and Cultural Centres

4.5.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Museums andCultural Centres According to the International Literature

4.5.2. Indoor Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Greek Museums and CulturalCentres

5. INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN ATHLETIC HALLS

5.1. General Description of Existing Studies in Greece

5.2.Particulate Matter in Athletic Halls

5.2.1. Sources and Levels of Particulate Matter in Athletic Halls

5.2.2.Indoor Levels of Particulate Matter in Athletic Halls in Greece

5.3. Carbon Dioxide in Athletic Halls

5.3.1.Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Athletic Halls

5.3.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Athletic Halls in Greece

5.4. Carbon Monoxide in Athletic Halls

5.4.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Athletic Halls

5.4.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Athletic Halls in Greece

5.5. Volatile Organic Compounds in Athletic Halls

5.5.1.Indoor Sources and Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Athletic Halls

5.5.2. Indoor Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Athletic Halls in Greece

6. INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN AIRPORTS

6.1. General Description of Existing Studies in Greece

6.2.Particulate Matter in Airports

6.2.1. Sources and Levels of Particulate Matter in Airports According to theInternational Literature

6.2.2. Indoor Levels of Particulate Matter in Greek Airports

6.3. Carbon Dioxide in Airports

6.3.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Airports According to theInternational Literature

6.3.2. Indoor Sources And Levels Of Carbon Dioxide In Greek Airports

6.4. Volatile Organic Compounds in Airports

6.4.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in AirportsAccording to The International Literature

6.4.2. Indoor Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Greek Airports

7. INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN HOSPITALS AND CLINICS

7.1. General Description of Existing Studies in Greece

7.2. Particulate Matter in Hospitals and Clinics

7.2.1. Sources and Levels of Particulate Matter in Hospitals and Clinics According tothe International Literature

7.2.2. Indoor Levels of Particulate Matter in Hospitals and Clinics in Greece

7.3. Carbon Dioxide in Hospitals and Clinics

7.3.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Hospitals and ClinicsAccording to the International Literature

7.3.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Hospitals and Clinics in Greece

7.4. Carbon Monoxide in Hospitals and Clinics

7.4.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Hospitals and ClinicsAccording to the International Literature

7.4.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Hospitals and Clinics inGreece

7.5. Volatile Organic Compounds in Hospitals and Clinics

7.5.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Hospitals andClinics

7.5.2. Indoor Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Greek Hospitals and Clinics

8. INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN OFFICE BUILDINGS

8.1. General Description of Existing Studies in Greece

8.2. Particulate Matter in Office Buildings

8.2.1.Sources And Levels of Particulate Matter in Office Buildings

8.2.2. Indoor Levels of Particulate Matter in Greek Office Buildings

8.3. Carbon Dioxide in Office Buildings

8.3.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Office Buildings

8.3.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Dioxide in Greek Office Buildings

8.4. Carbon Monoxide in Office Buildings

8.4.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Office Buildings

8.4.2. Indoor Sources and Levels of Carbon Monoxide in Greek Office Buildings

8.5. Volatile Organic Compounds in Office Buildings

8.5.1. Indoor Sources and Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Office Buildings

8.5.2. Indoor Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Greek Office Buildings

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

EVALUATION OF THERMAL COMFORT IN INDOORENVIRONMENTS USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUIDDYNAMICS (CFD)

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF CFD

2.1. Inlet

2.2. Outlet

2.3. Wall Boundaries

2.4. Sources/Sinks of Dependent Variables

3. THERMAL COMFORT MODELS

4. BUILDING PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

5. CFD IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

5.1. Pioneer Studies and Ventilation Methods

5.2. Recent History of CFD in Mechanically Ventilated Indoor Environments

5.3. Recent History of CFD in Naturally Ventilated Indoor Environments

6. A STEP-BY-STEP CFD TECHNIQUE

6.1. Computational Domain and Spatial Discretization

6.1.1. Rectilinear (Cartesian) Structured Grids

6.1.2. Curvilinear (BFC) Grids

6.1.3. Unstructured Grids

6.1.4. Solution-Adaptive Grid Methods

6.1.5. Special Grid Considerations

6.2. Turbulence Modelling

6.2.1. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)

6.2.2. Filtering Methods – Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

6.2.3. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Models

6.2.4. Best Suited Turbulence Model

6.3. Boundary Conditions

6.3.1. Velocity Inlet

6.3.2. Outlet

6.3.3. Solid Boundaries

6.3.4. Symmetry Boundaries

6.4. Humidity Modelling and Properties of the Mixture

6.5. Solution Procedure

6.5.1. Solution Procedure in Grid-Cells

6.5.2. Differencing Scheme

6.5.3. Pressure-Correction Algorithms

6.5.4. Linearization of the Equations

6.5.5. Time Dependence

6.6. Post-Processing of the Results

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

ULTRA-FINE PARTICLE AND GASEOUS VOLATILEORGANIC COMPOUNDS FORMATIONS FROM THEREACTIONS OF OZONE AND EMITTED COMPOUNDSIN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

ABSTRACT

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

II.1.Chemicals

II.2.Description of the Batch Reactor and 1-m3 Chamber for Natural PaintTest

II.3.Description of the Batch Reactor and 1-m3 Chamber for Air FreshenerTest

II.4.Sampling and Analysis

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

III.1. Identification of VOCs Emitted from Indoor Materials

III.2. Ozone-Initiated Oxidation of Monoterpenes in Batch Bag ReactorsContaining Natural Paint

III.3. Formation of Gaseous Products during Ozone-Initiated Reactions WithMonoterpenes in the 1-m3 Reaction Chamber

III.3.1. From the Natural Paint

III.3.2. From the Air Freshener

III.4. Formation of Particles during the Ozone-Initiated Reactions withTarget Monoterpenes in the 1-m3 Reaction Chamber

III.4.1.From the Natural Paint

III.4.2.From the Air Freshener

III.4.2.1. Effect of Ozone Concentration on the Particle Formation

III.4.2.2. Effects of Temperature on Particle Formation

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

HOW GOOD IS THE WELL-MIXED ASSUMPTIONFOR PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE?

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEPOSITION MODEL

3. EULERIAN DRIFT-FLUX MODEL

4. CASE 1 (SINGLE ZONE)

5. CASE 2 (TWO-ZONE)

6. CASE 3 (AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION DISEASE)

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

THE ROLE OF CARPET IN SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CARPET AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

CARPET AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY EFFECTS – CHEMICAL AGENTS

Carpet and VOC Emissions

CARPET AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY EFFECTS – BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

Carpet and Viruses

Carpet and Gram Negative Bacteria

Carpet and Fungi

Carpet and Non-Viable Allergenic Particles

Effects of Carpet on Perceived Air Quality and Productivity

Effects of Carpet Removal

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

INDOOR AIR QUALITY, HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POOR INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

HEALTH EFFECTS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY

PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY

VENTILATION AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY

VENTILATION RATE AND HEALTH

VENTILATION RATE AND PRODUCTIVITY

PERSONAL VENTILATION CONTROL

GREEN BUILDINGS, HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

WORK AND WELL-BEING:STRESS AND HEALTH IN THE WORKPLACE

ABSTRACT

WORK AND WELL-BEING: STRESS AND HEALTH IN THE WORKPLACE

STRESS AND HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

SOURCES OF WORKPLACE STRESS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES

HIGH STRAIN JOBS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES

SOURCES OF PERSONAL STRESS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES

Type A, Negative Affectivity and Health Outcomes

STRESS MANAGEMENT FOR WORKPLACEAND PERSONAL WELL-BEING

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

IMPROVING THE ERGONOMICS OF THE WORKPLACETO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY AND SAFETY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

WORK ORGANIZATION AND ERGONOMICS

METHODS FOR ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT

ASSEMBLY TASK SIMULATION IN AN IMPROVED IMMERSIVEVIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT - APPLICATION TO A CASE STUDY

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

A BRIEF GUIDE TO MOLD, MOISTUREAND YOUR HOME*

MOLD BASICS

MOLD CLEANUP

MOLD CLEANUP GUIDELINES

Bathroom Tip

WHAT TO WEAR WHEN CLEANING MOLDY AREAS

How Do I Know When the Remediation or Cleanup Is Finished?

MOISTURE AND MOLD PREVENTION AND CONTROL TIPS

RENTERS

HIDDEN MOLD

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDOOR MOLD: BETTER COORDINATIONOF RESEARCH ON HEALTH EFFECTSAND MORE CONSISTENT GUIDANCEWOULD IMPROVE FEDERAL EFFORTS*

ABBREVIATIONS

REPORT TO THE CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION,LABOR AND PENSIONS, U.S. SENATE

RESULTS IN BRIEF

BACKGROUND

MANY STUDIES ASSOCIATE INDOOR MOLD WITH ADVERSE HEALTHEFFECTS BUT CITE THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH

While Mold Is Associated with Certain Adverse Health Effects, Evidence forOthers Is Less Certain

Two Key Factors Pose Challenges for Determining the Health Effects ofExposure to Indoor Mold

Additional Research Is Needed to Better Address Uncertainties Related tothe Connection between Health Effects and Exposure to Indoor Mold

FEDERAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON THE HEALTH EFFECTS OFINDOOR MOLD ADDRESS DATA GAPS TO VARYING DEGREES;LIMITED PLANNING AND COORDINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES MAYREDUCE THEIR ABILITY TO CLOSE DATA GAPS

Federal Research Activities on Mold Largely Address Asthma andMeasurement Methods

Limited Planning and Coordination of Research Activities May Affect TheirAbility to Close Data Gaps on the Health Effects of Exposure to Indoor Mold

FEDERAL GUIDANCE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC IDENTIFIES VARIOUSHEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO INDOOR MOLD,AS WELL AS STRATEGIES TO LIMIT IT, SOME OF WHICH AREINCONSISTENT

Federal Guidance Cites Various Adverse Health Effects of Exposure toIndoor Mold but in Some Cases Omits Less Common but Serious Effects

Guidance on Minimizing Indoor Mold Growth in Homes Is GenerallyConsistent

Guidance on Mitigating Exposure to Indoor Mold Is Sometimes Inconsistentabout Cleanup Agents and Protective Clothing and Equipment

CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION

AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION

APPENDIX I:OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY

APPENDIX II:RECENT REVIEWS OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF MOLD

APPENDIX III: EPA, HHS, AND HUD ONGOING RESEARCHACTIVITIES ADDRESSING DATA GAPS IDENTIFIED BY THE INSTITUTEOF MEDICINE

APPENDIX IV:FEDERAL AGENCY PROGRAM OFFICES CONTACTED REGARDINGTHEIR MOLD-RELATED RESEARCH

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Institutes of Health

Department of Housing and Urban Development

APPENDIX V:SELECTED PUBLICLY AVAILABLE FEDERAL GUIDANCERELATED TO MOLD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Appendix I

Appendix IV

PROTECT YOURSELF FROM MOLD

PEOPLE AT GREATEST RISK FROM MOLD

POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS OF MOLD EXPOSURE

RECOGNIZING MOLD

SAFELY PREVENTING MOLD GROWTH

OTHER MOLD RESOURCES

CHEMICAL HAZARD CONTROL IN THE WORKENVIRONMENT: DETERMINATION OF METALSIN WELDING FUMES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

Instrumentation

Reagents And Solutions

Evaluation of the Homogeneity of the Samples

Procedure for Copper, Iron and Manganese Determination in WeldingFumes

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analytical Figures of Merit

DETERMINATION OF COPPER, IRON AND MANGANESE INWELDING FUMES

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH CONSEQUENCESOF AGGRESSIONS INFLICTED ON HOSPITALPROFESSIONALS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES

3. METHODOLOGY

4. RESULTS

Description of the Sample of Participants

A. Violence Risk Factors as Perceived by The Healthcare Professionals

B. Types of Violence Underwent by the Health Professionals

C. The Violence Perpetrators’ Profiles

D. Types of Consequences Endured

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INDEX