The Omega-Theory :A New Physics of Earthquakes ( Volume 2 )

Publication subTitle :A New Physics of Earthquakes

Publication series :Volume 2

Author: Žalohar   Jure  

Publisher: Elsevier Science‎

Publication year: 2018

E-ISBN: 9780128145814

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780128145807

Subject: P315.01 Seismology

Keyword: 地质学

Language: ENG

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Description

The Omega-Theory: A New Physics of Earthquakes, Second Edition offers a unifying, mathematical framework to describe and answer the most pressing and unexamined dilemmas of earthquake sequences. Those in the fields of seismology and geology are currently faced with a vast and complex mathematical structure, involving many new, natural laws and theorems. This book interprets this structure as a new physical theory and paradigm, helping users understand the tectonic and seismic processes within the Earth. As such, it is an essential resource for future researchers in the fields of structural geology, physics of the Earth, and seismology.

In the last decades, generations of seismologists, geophysicists, and geologists have accumulated enough knowledge and information to allow for the reformulation and solution of this essential problem. Hence, this book provides a great resource for researchers and professionals.

  • Brings together twenty years of research in the field of geophysics and attacks the problem within the framework of the Cosserat continuum theory
  • Heavily tested on tens of natural examples and numerical tests
  • Includes 350 color figures and graphs
  • Spans across many fields of theoretical physics and geology, such as plate tectonics, synchronization of chaotic systems, solitons and fractals, mathematical set theory, and quantum mechanics

Chapter

Chapter 2: Cosserat Continuum

Notation

Tensor Algebra

Tensor Analysis

Kinematics of the Cosserat Continuum

Deviatoric and Spherical Cosserat Strain and Torsion-Curvature

The Slip Direction Along the Faults

The Method of Virtual Power

Hyperelasticity

Deviatoric and Spherical Stress

Linear Case: Isotropic Elasticity

J2 Plasticity Model

References

Further Reading

Chapter 3: The Multiple-Slip Mechanism of Plastic Cosserat Deformation

Kinematics of Elastoplastic Cosserat Continuum

Interpretation of the Faulting-Related Cosserat Strain

References

Chapter 4: Stress Along the Faults

Mohr Representation of Stress

Fault Reactivation in the Cosserat Continuum: Amontons's Law

References

Chapter 5: Wedge Faulting: The L2 Kinematics

Equation of the Wedge Faulting

The L2 Kinematics

Geometry of the Interacting Wedge Systems

Plain Strain and Tectonic Wedges

The Necessity of the Residual Faults

The State of Stress Along Tectonic Wedges

The effect of the stress asymmetry and the couple-stresses

References

Further Reading

Chapter 6: Parallel Fault and Parallel Wedge Interactions: The Gamma-Scheme

Three Possible Types of Parallel Fault Interaction

Parallel Wedge Interaction

Stress Permutations and Parallel Wedge Interactions

Stress Permutations and the Homogeneous Cosserat Strain Approximation

The Gamma-Scheme

Which Nodal Plane is the Fault Plane?

The Ghost Wedges and the Real Wedges

References

Chapter 7: Båth's Law and the Cosserat Extension of the Reid Rebound Model

Introduction

Simple Models of Faults

Derivation of Båth's Law

Temporal Extension of Båth's Law

References

Part II: Introduction to the Omega-Theory

Chapter 8: Omega-Sequences

Definition of the Omega-Sequences

General Structure of the Omega-Sequences

Constructing the Omega-Sequences

Constant Strain Rate Model: The CSR Sequences

Constant Velocity Model: The DSR and ISR Omega-Sequences

Two Types of the RES

Time Dependence of the Magnitudes

Transitional Part of the Omega-Sequences

Generalized Equations of the Omega-Sequences (GEOS)

Numerical Tests

Fibonacci Omega-Sequences

Discussion and Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Omega-Cells: ``Seismic Oscillators´´

External Structure

Internal Structure: Omega-Configurations

Geometric Omega-Configuration

Fibonacci Omega-Configuration

Central Omega-Configuration

Exact Notation for the Omega-Cells

Description of Numerical Tests

Sorting the Earthquakes and Nodal Planes

Identifying the Omega-Sequences

Analysis of the CSV Model for Båth's Law

Reconstructing the Internal Structure of the Omega-Cells: Wedge-Profiling Technique (WPT)

Results

OmegaC257 and OmegaC234567 Sequences: The OmegaC234567-Cell

Omega1P4-Sequence: The Omega1P4-Cell

Proving the CSV Model for Båth's Law

Discussion

Omega-Cells as Cellular Automata

Omega-Sequences and the B-Signals

Omega-Cells as Octahedral Bodies

References

Chapter 10: Omori's Law

Omori's Law and the Omega-Sequences

Results of the Numerical Test

Derivation of Omori's Law

Can Earthquakes be Predicted?

References

Chapter 11: Felzer-Brodskys Law

Derivation of the Felzer-Brodsky Law

Discussion

Why Foreshocks?

What is Cascade Triggering?

The Full Form of Felzer-Brodskys Law

References

Chapter 12: Strain Waves and Conservation Laws

Two Bi-Magnitude Signals and the Omega-Cells

The Kobayashi Equation

Strain Waves: Velocities of the Seismic Migration

The CSR Strain Waves

The CSV Strain Waves

Conservation Laws

The First Conservation Law

The Second Conservation Law

The Third Conservation Law: The Omega Planes

The Fourth Conservation Law

The Meaning of the Static Stress Drop

Discussion: Dynamic Versus Kinematic Approaches

Sine-Gordon Equation

Solutions of the Sine-Gordon Equation

Forward and Backward Migrations

References

Chapter 13: Phase Transitions

Earth's Crust as a Two-Phases Cosserat Material

Velocity Transference

The System of Equations

Global Solution: The CSR Solution

Local Solution

General Solution

Vikulin's Scaling Equations: Type 1 Magnitude Shift

Vikulin's Conservation Law

Scaling Laws for the Recurrence Time

Global Solution: The CSR Solution

Local Solution

General Solution

Geometric Solution

Type 2 Magnitude Shift

Discussion and Conclusions

References

Chapter 14: Gutenberg-Richters Law

Derivation of Gutenberg-Richters Law

Discussion

Gutenberg-Richters Law in the Omega-Theory

Guglielmi's Equation

References

Chapter 15: What Causes Earthquakes?

Defining the Problem

Magnitude Restrictions

B1=B2 Sequence Events/Earthquakes

The General Mechanism of Earthquakes (GME)

The Seismic Characteristic Length

The CSV Cosserat Velocity Splitting: The Time Delay in Earthquakes

Cosserat-Huygens Principle

Seismic Generalization of Amontons's Law

Stress and Couple-Stress Vectors on a Fault/Wedge

Four Cosserat Characteristic Lengths in the Omega-Cells

Why Is the B2-Magnitude Signal Not Seismic?

A Link to the LEFM

References

Part III: Systems, Plate Tectonics, and Order

Chapter 16: Omega-Interactions

Clustering of Seismic Events

Binding of Omega-Sequences

Types of Binding

Entanglement of Omega-Sequences

Self-Similarity and the Multifractal Nature of Omega-Sequences

Disturbances

Transitions

Discussion

What Is Gamma-Scheme?

Undecidable

Indiscernible

Generic

Unnameable

The Omega-Cycle

What Is Entangled?

References

Further Reading

Chapter 17: Critical Behavior: Large Earthquakes Can Be Predicted

Subcritical, Critical, and Supercritical Behavior

Critical Behavior: The Kraljevo (2010) Case Study

Regional Geological Setting

Local Geologic Setting and Seismic Catalog

The Critical Behavior Before the Kraljevo (2010) Earthquake

Predictability of the Large Earthquakes

Predicting the Time of the Future Event

Predicting the Magnitude of the Future Event

Predicting the Time Window for the Future Event

Predicting the Kraljevo (2010) Earthquake

Discussion

Mogi Doughnuts

Accelerated Moment Release: Benioff Strain Release

Papazachos Equation

Critical Point Models

Physical Background of the Critical State (Binding and Entanglement)

Critical Regions

The Size of the Critical Regions in the Omega-Theory

References

Further Reading

Chapter 18: Supercritical Behavior: Aftershock Sequences

The Limon Earthquake (1991): Regional Geologic Setting

Seismic Catalog

The First and the Second-Order Omega-Sequences

Analysis of the First-Order Omega-Sequences

Analysis of the Second-Order Omega-Sequences

Discussion

Magnitude Restrictions

Clustering

Type 2 Magnitude Shifts

Predictability of Large Aftershocks

References

Chapter 19: The B-Spectral Theorem and the Synchronized Earth

The B-Spectral Theorem

The B-Spectral Theorem

The Synchronized Earth

The Seismic Catalog

Gamma-Scheme Analysis

Omega-Sequences on the Planetary Scale

How Do We Know That the Planetary Omega-Sequences and Omega-Triplets Are Not Some Coincidental Groupings of Events?

The Full Form of the B-Spectral Theorem

Reference

Chapter 20: Quantum Numbers of Earthquakes: Seismic Back Action and Reverse Causality

The B-Spectral Theorem

Ideal Omega-Sequences

Generalization of the B-Spectral Theorem

Extrapolation of the Omega-Sequences: The Echo Earthquakes

The Seismic Echo: What Do Two Large Earthquakes Define?

Do Seismic Echoes Really Exist? The Southern California Case Study

Seismic Back Action and Reverse Causality: The Nepal (2015) Case Study

Omega-Limitation Law: The Final Development of the Omega-Sequences

Why Should the Number of Sequence Events be Limited?

The Third Conservation Law for Fault Lengths

The Omega-Limitation Rule and the Omega-Limitation Law

Binding and the Surface Element SOmega(l)

The Twinning Effect

2B-Spectrum and the Extended B-Spectrum

Discussion

References

Chapter 21: Seismic Induction and the Theory of Plate Tectonics

The Problem: Introduction

The Theory of Plate Tectonics and the Cosserat Continuum

Basic Postulate of the Plate Tectonics Theory

Why Should Tectonic Plates Interact Each With Other?

Forces of Interaction

Model 1

Model 2

Synchronizations and the Tidal Forces

Discussion and Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 22: Earthquakes as Computation: Origin of Order

Test 1: Slovenia Region

Test 2: Northern Italy Region

Test 3: Brezice Earthquake 2015

Origin of Order

Origin of Synchronizations

Conclusions: Earthquakes as Computation

Part IV: Seismic Chaos Synchronizations

Introduction

References

Chapter 23: T-Synchronizations: Predicting Future Seismic States of the Earth

The Synchronization Equation

The Omega-Interactions: Binding, Entanglement, and Synchronization Function

Binding

Entanglement

Predicting the Future Seismic States of the Earth

Step 1: Calculating the Generator Set

Step 2: Resolving the Hypocenter/Epicenter of the Future Earthquakes

Step 3: Predicting the Magnitude of Future Events

The Nepal (2015) Experiment

Test 1: Predicting the Nepal (2015) Main Shock

Test 2: Predicting the First Largest Aftershock of the Nepal (2015) Earthquake

Test 3: Calculating the Future Seismic Catalog

References

Chapter 24: M-Synchronizations: The B-Megasignal and Large Earthquakes

The Magnitude-Synchronization Function

B-Megasignal: The PAPUA New Guinea Case Study

Results and Interpretation: The B-Megasignal

The Southern California Case Study

Results and Interpretation: The Minimum Magnitude Rule

References

Chapter 25: S-Synchronizations: The Reciprocity Theorem and the Failure Localization Law

Phenomenological Observations

The Reciprocity Theorem

The B-Spectral Theorem and the MARS Structure

Seismic Activity of the MARS

The Failure Localization Law

Verifying the Failure Localization Law

Confirmation of the Third Conservation Law

References

Chapter 26: Maximum Effectiveness of Predictions: -1 Rule

Case Study: Northern Italy Region

Demonstration of the -1 Rule

Analysis of the Product State

Conclusions

Chapter 27: Open Systems

Mathematical Formalism

Test 1: Central Italy

Test 2: Slovenia-Northern Croatia

Conclusions

References

Chapter 28: Further Observations on S-Synchronizations

Visualizing Spatial Interactions Between the Earthquakes

Test 1: Distribution of Nonsynchronized Earthquakes

Test 2: Distribution of Synchronized Earthquakes

Test 3: Region of Slovenia

Test 4: Analysis of the Zuzemberk Region

Conclusions

References

Part V: Strain Waves, Plate Tectonics, and the Loop Theorem

Chapter 29: Description of Seismic States

Superimposed and Product Seismic States

Basic State

ISR and DSR States

Superposition Principle: OR Operation

Normalization

Product States: AND Operation

Product and Entangled States for the Omega-Cell

T-Synchronizations

Stable and Metastable States

T-Synchronizations

Product States and the S-Space Notation

Superpositions

Combined States and Seismic Entanglements

M-Synchronizations

Pure M-synchronization functions

Product, Entangled, and Mixed States

Seismic Computing

Testing the LE-Rule

Test 1: Kraljevo Earthquake 2010

Test 2: Emilia Earthquake 2012

Test 3: Seismic Computing

Test 4: Vertical Interactions Between Global and Local Seismic States

Conclusions

References

Chapter 30: Epicenter Prediction: Turbal's Principle

Strain Waves for the Individual Omega-Sequences

Test 1: Defining the vCSV for Natural Omega-Sequences

The Mechanism of Epicenters: Turbal's Principle

S-Synchronizations

The LE Rule

Interpretation

Test 2: The Bovec Earthquake 2015

Test 3: The Brezice Earthquake 2015

Test 4: The Emilia Earthquake 2012

Global Predictions of Large Earthquakes

Test 5: August 2016

Analysis of the Global Strain Waves

Test 6: Fast-Interacting Omega-Sequences (FIOS)

Cluster 1 (Day 1; 05/08/2016)

Cluster 2 (Day 2; 06/08/2016)

Interpretation

Test 7: All Strain Waves on 05/08/2016 and 06/08/2016

Day 1: 05/08/2016

Day 2: 06/08/2016

Conclusions

References

Chapter 31: Structure of the Aftershock Sequences

Introduction

Strain Waves as the Cause of the Round-the-World Seismic Echo

Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake, 26/12/2004

Tohoku Earthquake, 11/03/2011

Relationship Between the Foreshocks and Aftershocks

Kraljevo Earthquake, 03/11/2010

Nepal Earthquake, 25/04/2015

Conclusions

References

Chapter 32: Synchronizations and Fault Reactivations

Introduction

Ravne Fault, Slovenia

North Anatolian Fault

Conclusions

References

Chapter 33: Predictability of Volcanic Eruptions

1980 Mount St. Helens Eruption

2004 Mount St. Helens Eruption

2011 Mount St. Helens Increased Seismic Activity

Conclusions

References

Chapter 34: Strain Waves at the Tectonic Plates Boundaries

The California Region

The Japan Region

Mid-Atlantic Ridge System

Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden

Conclusions

References

Chapter 35: Origin of Plate Tectonics: The Loop Theorem

Introduction to the Loop Theorem

The Loop Theorem

Fault Patterns and Earthquake Interaction Patterns

Strain Waves

Lattices

Periodic, Aperiodic, and Quasiperiodic Patterns

Voronoi Cells

Dual Lattices

Pentagrids

Pentagrids

The Loop Theorem

Tilings and Tiles

Penrose Tilings of the Plane

Properties of the Penrose Tiling

Ammann Quasilattices: Quasiperiodicity

Inflation and Deflation: Self-Similarity

Earthquake Interaction Patterns

Penrose Clockwork: Toward the Plate Tectonic Theory

Synchronized Stress Permutations as the Internal Motor of the Plate Tectonics

Numerical Test: The Kraljevo Earthquake 2010

Interpretation

Origin of the Global Strain Waves

Mode 1 Deformation of the Lithosphere

Mode 2 Deformation of the Lithosphere

Global Strain Waves and Rotation of the Earth

Discussion and Conclusions: Origin of the Plate Tectonics

References

Index

Back Cover

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