Chapter
2 Chitosan based nanocomposites for drug, gene delivery, and bioimaging applications
2.2 Chitosan nanocomposites and its applications
2.3 Application of chitosan nanocomposites in drug delivery
2.4 Application of chitosan nanocomposite in gene delivery
2.5 Application of chitosan nanocomposite in bioimaging
3 Alginate-inorganic composite particles as sustained drug delivery matrices
3.3 Alginate and alginate composites in drug delivery
3.4 Alginate-inorganic composite particles in drug delivery
3.4.1 Alginate-montmorillonite composite particles
3.4.2 Alginate-hydroxyapatite composite particles
3.4.3 Alginate-polyvinyl (pyrrolidone) K30 (PVP K30)-nanohydroxyapatite composite particles
3.4.4 Alginate-calcium carbonate composite particles
4 Applications of cellulose nanofibrils in drug delivery
4.1.1 Sources of cellulose
4.1.2 Nanocellulose fiber
4.1.2.1 Synthesis of cellulose nanofiber
4.1.2.2 Mechanical pre-treatment
4.1.2.3 Biological pre-treatment
4.1.3 Different forms of cellulose nanofibers
4.2 Bacterial cellulose reinforced composites for drug delivery
4.5 3D printing of cellulose nanomaterial
4.6 Applications of cellulose nanomaterials in drug delivery
4.7 Conclusions and future aspects
5 Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges in drug delivery and cancer therapeutics: new perspectives for old problems
5.2.1 Boons of nanosponges
5.2.2 Salient features of nanosponges
5.2.3 Materials used for preparation
5.2.4 Factors influencing nanosponges formation
5.2.4.1 Type of polymers and crosslinkers used
5.2.4.2 Type of drugs and medium used for interaction
5.2.4.3 Degree of substitution
5.2.4.4 Complexation temperature
5.3.1 Structure and properties of cyclodextrins
5.3.2 Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges
5.3.3 Methods of cyclodextrin nanosponges preparation
5.3.4 Types of cyclodextrin nanosponges
5.3.4.1 Carbamate nanosponges
5.3.4.2 Carbonate nanosponges
5.3.4.3 Polyamidoamine nanosponges
5.3.4.4 Ester nanosponges
5.3.4.5 Modified nanosponges
5.4 Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges in drug delivery and cancer therapeutics
5.4.1 Overcoming solubility issues
5.4.2 Protection from degradation
6 Development of injectable in situ gelling systems of doxycycline hyclate for controlled drug delivery system
6.2 Pharmacotherapeutics of doxycycline hyclate
6.2.1 Pharmacodynamics and phramacokinetics of doxycycline hyclate
6.2.2 Mechanism of action
6.2.3 Available dosage form
6.3 Current drug delivery systems for doxycycline hyclate
6.3.1 Micro particulates systems
6.3.2 Nano particulates systems
6.4 Injectable in situ gelling system for drug delivery application
6.4.1 In situ gelling hydrogels
6.4.1.1 Photopolymerizable hydrogels
6.4.1.2 Self-assembling hydrogels
6.4.2 In situ gelling stimuli-sensitive block copolymer hydrogels
6.4.3 Temperature sensitive block copolymer hydrogels
6.4.4 pH sensitive block copolymer hydrogels
6.5 Applicability of in situ gelling systems for the doxycycline hyclate
6.5.1 Effects/advantages of in situ gelling matrix
6.5.2 Limitations/challenges of in situ gelling system as drug delivery system
6.6 Conclusion and perspectives
7 Avidin-based nanoparticles for drug delivery
7.3 Avidin-biotin nanoparticles
7.3.2 Nucleic acid delivery
7.3.4 Protein and peptide delivery
7.3.6 Monoclonal antibody delivery
7.3.7 Small molecule delivery
7.4 For diagnostic purpose
7.4.1 Imaging and diagnosis
7.4.2 Surface antigen detection
8 Carbon-based polymers for drug delivery
8.2 Role of polymers in drug delivery
8.3 Carbon-based polymers for drug delivery
8.3.2.1 CNTs-hydrogels in drug delivery
8.4 Summary and prospects
9 Carbon nanotube for targeted drug delivery
9.1.1 Single walled carbon nanotubes
9.1.2 Multi walled carbon nanotubes
9.1.4 Geometry of carbon nanotubes
9.2 Properties of carbon nanotubes
9.2.1 Mechanical properties
9.2.2 Electronic properties
9.2.4 Electrochemical properties
9.3 Special properties of carbon nanotubes
9.3.1 Chemical reactivity
9.3.2 Electrical conductivity
9.3.4 Mechanical strength
9.4 Synthesis method of CNTs
9.4.3 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)
9.4.4 Catalytic chemical vapour deposition
9.5 Applications of carbon nanotubes
9.6 Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery systems
9.6.1 Approaches to design drug delivery systems based on CNTs
9.6.1.1 Functional modifications of CNTs
9.6.1.2 CNT-liposomes conjugate based drug delivery system
9.7 Conclusion and future perspective
10 Polymer nanoparticle carriers in drug delivery systems: research trend
10.2 First generation drug delivery system
10.3 Second generation drug delivery system
10.4 Third generation drug delivery system
10.5 Nanoparticle carrier for drug delivery system
10.5.1 Fabrication of polymeric nanoparticles
10.5.1.1 Solvent emulsion-evaporation method
10.5.1.2 Double emulsion-evaporation method
10.5.1.3 Solvent displacement method
10.5.1.5 Emulsion diffusion method
10.6 Techniques used in preparation of conjugated polymers nanoparticles (CNPs)
10.6.1 Miniemulsion (direct polymerization method)
10.6.2 Reprecipitation (postpolymerization method)
10.6.3 Self-assembly method
11 Drug nanocrystals: present, past and future
11.2 Nanocrystals as drug delivery system
11.3 Nanocrystals in dentistry
11.4 Nanocrystals in orthopedics
11.5 Nanocrystals in tissue engineering
12 Drug delivery: present, past, and future of medicine
12.2 Current status of drug delivery technologies
12.3 Oral controlled release drug delivery systems
12.3.1 Micropump (Flamel technologies, France)
12.3.2 MacroCap (Biovail Corporation International, Canada)
12.3.3 Multiporous oral drug absorption system (Elan Corporation, Ireland)
12.3.4 Zer-Os tablet technology (ADD drug delivery technologies AG, Switzerland)
12.3.5 Ceform microsphere technology (Fuisz Technology Ltd., United States)
12.3.6 Contramid (Labopharm Inc., Canada)
12.3.7 Dimatrix (diffusion controlled matrix system, Biovail Corporation International)
12.3.8 Multipart (Multiparticle Drug Dispersing Shuttle, Biovail Corporation International)
12.3.9 Dual release drug absorption system (Elan Corporation)
12.3.10 Delayed pulsatile hydrogel system (Andrx Pharmaceuticals)
12.3.11 RingCap (Alkermes Inc., United States)
12.3.12 Geomatrix (Skye Pharma Plc., United States)
12.3.13 Multipor technology (Ethical Holdings Plc., United Kingdom)
12.3.14 Programmable oral drug absorption system (Elan Corporation)
12.4 Oral disintegrating dosage forms
12.4.1 Zydis technology (Cardinal Health Inc.)
12.4.2 Orasolv technology (Cima Labs, Inc.)
12.4.3 Durasolv technology (Cima Labs, Inc.)
12.4.4 Lyoc technology (Cephalon Corporation)
12.4.5 Flashtab technology (Prographarm)
12.4.6 Flashdose technology (Fuisz Technologies, Ltd.)
12.4.7 OraQuick technology (KV Pharmaceutical Co. Inc.)
12.5 Taste masking formulations
12.5.1 Chewable tablets (Elan Corporation)
12.6 Liposomes and targeted drug delivery system
12.6.2 Liposomes to treat infectious diseases
12.6.3 Liposomes for delivery of anticancer drugs
12.7 Transdermal and topical drug delivery
13 Drug delivery for cardiac regeneration
13.1.1 Pathophysiology of heart failure
13.2 Current therapeutic approaches for myocardial infarction
13.2.1 Cardiac regeneration and new therapeutic strategies
13.3 Cell therapy for cardiac regeneration
13.4 Noncell therapy for cardiac regeneration
13.4.1.1 Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors
13.4.1.2 Prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase 2
13.4.1.3 Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) inhibitors
13.4.1.4 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
13.4.1.5 Angiotensin (1–7) and Mas receptor
13.4.1.6 Other small molecules
13.4.2 Growth factor and protein therapeutics
13.5 Direct fibroblasts reprograming
13.6 Drug delivery approaches for cardiac regeneration
13.6.1 Direct systemic drug delivery
13.6.2 Direct local myocardial drug delivery
13.6.3 Biomaterial-based drug delivery
Cellular hydrogel-based delivery systems
13.6.3.2 Nanofibrous and porous scaffolds
Nanofibers and porous scaffolds for cell delivery
Nanofibers and porous scaffolds for drug delivery
13.6.3.3 ECM, ECM-like biomaterials, and decellularized matrices
13.6.3.4 3D bioprinted scaffolds
13.6.3.5 Microparticles/nanoparticles
13.6.4 Multimodal therapeutic approaches
13.6.5 Minimally invasive drug delivery strategies
13.7 Loading and release of bioactive agents from engineered biomaterials
13.7.1 Loading of bioactive agents
13.7.2 Delivery of bioactive agents from engineered biomaterials
13.7.2.1 Temporal delivery of a single agent
13.7.2.2 Simultaneous or concurrent delivery of multiple agents
13.7.2.3 Sequential delivery of multiple agents
13.7.2.4 Trigger-induced delivery of bioactive agents
13.8 Conclusions and future perspectives
14 Nanocomposite for cancer targeted drug delivery
14.2 Nanocomposite for cancer targeted drug delivery
14.3 Polymer nanocomposites
14.4 Aptamer targeted nanocomposites
14.5 Fusogenic peptide targeted siRNA delivery
14.6 Hyaluronic acid targeted nanocomposites
14.7 Folic acid targeted nanocomposites
14.8 Magnetic nanocomposites for cancer cell targeting
14.9 Clay-based nanocomposites for cancer cell targeting
14.10 Graphene nanocomposites
15 Applications of nanocomposite materials in the delivery of anticancer drugs
15.2.2 Cancer development
15.3 Nanotechnology: nanocomposites applied to cancer treatment
15.3.1 Nanocomposite in cancer therapy
15.3.2 Nanocomposite in cancer diagnostic
15.3.3 Nanocomposite in cancer theranostic
16 Nanocomposite for transdermal drug delivery
16.2 Transdermal drug delivery: an overview
16.2.1 Concept of transdermal drug delivery
16.2.2 Anatomy of human skin
16.2.3 Drug penetration pathway
16.2.4 The permeation process
16.2.5 Theoretical aspects of transdermal drug delivery
16.3.1 Polymer matrix nanocomposite
16.3.1.1 Types polymer matrix nanocomposite
16.3.1.2 Preparation techniques of polymer matrix nanocomposite
16.3.2 Metallic matrix nanocomposite
16.3.3 Ceramic matrix nanocomposite
16.4 Characterization of nanocomposites
16.5 Application in transdermal drug delivery
16.5.1 Nanocomposite as transdermal hydrogel
16.5.2 Nanocomposite as transdermal membrane and film
16.5.3 Nanocomposite as pressure-sensitive adhesive
16.5.4 Nanocomposite as microneedle
17 Nanocomposites for therapeutic application in multiple sclerosis
17.3 Nanoparticle composites and delivery into the CNS for MS treatment
17.3.1 Nanospheres and nanocapsules
17.3.2 Polymeric nanoparticle composites
17.3.3 Solid lipid nanoparticle composites
17.3.4 Iron oxide nanoparticle composites
17.3.5 Liposomal and vesicular systems
17.3.6 Micellar delivery systems
17.5 Future research perspectives
18 Oral colon cancer targeting by chitosan nanocomposites
18.2 Chitosan as anticancer drug for colon cancer treatment
18.3 Chitosan as drug carrier for colon cancer treatment
18.4.1 Trimethyl chitosan
18.5 Carboxymethyl chitosan
18.8 Hyaluronic acid–coupled chitosan
18.10 Folic acid conjugated chitosan
18.11 Other chitosan derivatives
18.12 Mechanism of oral colon cancer targeting
18.15 Conclusion and future prospects
19 Potential of nanoparticles as drug delivery system for cancer treatment
19.1 Potential of nanoparticles as drug delivery system for cancer treatment
19.2 Approach for drug delivery in cancer therapy: general considerations
19.3 Nanoparticle platforms for drug delivery
19.3.1 Utilization of polymeric nanoparticles in cancer therapy
19.3.2 Utilization of micelles in cancer therapy
19.3.3 Utilization of dendrimers in cancer therapy
19.3.4 Utilization of liposomes in cancer therapy
19.4 Overview of the frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer therapy
19.4.1 Clinical trials, regulation, and commercial trends
19.4.2 Overcoming drug resistance with cancer nanodrugs
19.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
20 Vesicular nanostructures for transdermal delivery
20.2 Types of vesicular nanostructures
20.3 Vesicular nanostructures for transdermal drug delivery
20.3.1 Traditional liposomes as skin drug delivery systems
20.3.2 Phytosomes and hyalurosomes as skin drug delivery systems
20.3.3 SCLL as skin drug delivery systems
20.3.4 Transfersomes (ultradeformable liposomes) as skin drug delivery systems
20.3.5 Invasomes and leciplex as transdermal drug delivery systems
20.3.6 Ethosomes as skin drug delivery systems
20.3.7 Niosomes as transdermal drug delivery systems
20.4 Mechanisms of enhanced transdermal drug delivery from vesicular nanostructures
20.5 Conclusion and future perspective
21 Nanoelectrospun matrices for localized drug delivery
21.2 Electrospinning for localized delivery
21.3 Drug loaded electrospun matrices
21.3.1 Post-modifications of electrospun matrices
22 Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds: technology and applications
22.2.2 Drug-incorporation techniques
22.3 Effects of variables on electrospinning process
22.3.1 Solution parameters
22.3.1.2 Molecular weight
22.3.2 Processing parameters
22.3.2.3 Types of collectors
22.3.2.4 Tip to collector distance
22.3.3 Ambient parameters
22.4 E-Spun materials and their applications
22.4.1 Transdermal drug delivery system
22.4.2 Wound healing applications
22.4.3 Antibiotics and antibacterial agents
22.4.5 Ocular drug delivery
22.4.6 Vaginal drug delivery
22.4.7 Colon drug delivery
22.4.8 Oral drug delivery
22.4.9 Pulmonary delivery
22.4.11 Proteins and peptides delivery
22.4.14 Miscellaneous delivery
22.6 Regulatory obligations/aspects
22.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
23 Hydrogel nanocomposite for controlled drug release
23.1.1 Drug delivery concept and utility
23.1.2 Advantages and shortcomings of drug delivery agents
23.1.3 Hydrogel as drug delivery agent
23.2 Types of hydrogel and medicinal application pattern
23.2.1 Hydrogel nanocomposite for therapeutic application
23.2.2 Hydrogel nanocomposite in controlled drug delivery
23.2.3 Limitations of hydrogel nanocomposites
23.3 Conclusion and future prospects of hydrogel nanocomposite
24 Mesoporous nanomaterials as carriers in drug delivery
24.2 Mesoporous nanomaterials
24.2.1 Mesoporous silicon
24.2.2 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
24.2.3 Other mesoporous materials
24.3 Drug loading and release from MSNs
24.4 Controlled and sustained drug delivery with MSNs
24.4.1 Stimuli-responsive systems and the concept of “gate keeping”
24.4.1.1 Nanoparticles as gate-keepers
24.4.1.2 Organic molecules as gate-keepers
24.4.1.3 Supramolecular assemblies as gate-keepers
24.5 MSNs as carriers for poorly soluble drugs
24.6 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
25 Metal organic frameworks for drug delivery
25.2 Classifications of MOFs
25.2.1 Classification based on the various stages of synthesis
25.2.2 Classification based on the robustness of the structural frameworks
25.2.3 Classification based on the crystal structure arrangement
25.2.4 Classification based on the stimuli
25.3.1 Conventional synthesis
25.3.2 Unconventional synthesis
25.4 Applications of MOFs for drug delivery
26 Microwave synthesized nanocomposites for enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs
26.2 Nanocomposites and their classifications
26.3 Techniques to enhance solubility
26.3.1 Fusion or melting method
26.3.2 Microwave-assisted synthesis
26.3.3 Applications of microwave
26.3.4 Mechanism of microwave-assisted synthesis process
26.4 Use of natural carriers in bio-nanocomposites
26.5 Pharmaceutical applications of bio-nanocomposites
26.6 Biomedical application of nanocomposite hydrogels
26.6.1 Carbon-based nanocomposite hydrogels
26.6.2 Metal and metal-oxide nanocomposite hydrogels
26.7 Anticancer drug delivery
27 Montmorillonite clay nanocomposites for drug delivery
27.2 Drug delivery routes
27.3 Controlled drug delivery system
27.5 Clay and clay minerals
27.5.1 Montmorillonite a nanoclay
27.5.2 Montmorillonite layered structure
27.5.3 Clay and drug interaction mechanism
27.5.4 Montmorillonite used in pharmaceutics
28 Nanocomposite microemulsions study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in arteries: applications of nanocomposite material...
28.2 Formulation of the problem
28.4 Results and discussions
28.7 Conflict of interest
29 Nanoemulsion in drug delivery
29.2 Properties of nanoemulsion
29.3 Fabricating nanoemulsion
29.3.1 High energy methods
29.3.2 Low energy methods
29.4 Nanoemulsion in drug delivery: applications in routes of drug delivery
29.4.1 Oral drug delivery
29.4.2 Parenteral drug delivery
29.4.3 Intranasal drug delivery
29.4.4 Topical or transdermal or ophthalmic
29.7 Conflict of interest
30 Nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering; properties, preparation and applications
30.2.1 Nature of polymeric material for nanocomposite scaffolds
30.3 Selection criteria for ideal nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering
30.4 Scaffolds fabrication techniques
30.4.1 Solvent casting/particulate leaching
30.4.3 Freeze drying/emulsification
30.5 Natural nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering
30.5.1 Cellulose-based nanocomposite scaffolds
30.5.2 Collagen- and gelatin-based nanocomposite scaffolds
30.5.3 Alginate-based nanocomposite scaffolds
30.5.4 Chitosan and chitin-based nanocomposite scaffolds
30.6 Synthetic nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering
30.6.1 PLA-based nanocomposite scaffolds
30.6.2 PGA- and PLGA-based nanocomposite scaffolds
30.7 Challenges and future prospects
31 Metal–ferrite nanocomposites for targeted drug delivery
31.2 Ferrites in drug delivery
31.2.3 Synthesis practices of nanoferrites
31.2.3.1 Chemical coprecipitation
31.2.3.2 Sol–gel auto combustion
31.2.3.3 Solid state reaction
31.2.3.4 Thermal decomposition
31.2.3.5 Hydrothermal/solvothermal method
31.2.3.6 Microwave-assisted synthesis
31.2.3.7 High-energy ball milling
31.2.4 Drug delivery using ferrites
31.2.5 Challenges in targeted drug delivery
32 Okra gum–alginate composites for controlled releasing drug delivery
32.2.2 Chemical composition and properties
32.2.3 Alginate-based particles in drug delivery
32.3.2 Chemical composition and properties
32.3.3 Use in drug delivery
32.4 Okra gum (OkG)–calcium alginate beads containing gliclazide
32.5 Okra gum (OkG)–zinc alginate beads containing diclofenac sodium
33 Phase transition microemulsions as drug delivery systems
33.2 Phase transition MEs for ocular drug delivery
33.3 Phase transition MEs for transdermal drug delivery
33.4 Phase transition MEs for parenteral drug delivery
33.5 Phase transition MEs for oral drug delivery
33.6 Concluding remarks and future perspective
34 Polymer–ceramic nanocomposites for controlled drug delivery
34.2 Application of polymer–ceramic nanocomposites
34.3 Modes of drug delivery
34.4 Other controlled drug delivery systems
34.4.1.1 Classification of oral controlled drug delivery systems
34.5.1 Classification of parenteral controlled drug delivery systems
34.7 Colon-specific drug delivery
34.8 Polymer–ceramic nanocomposites for controlled drug delivery, their uses and applications
34.8.2 Nanotechnology in medicine
34.8.3 Making tumors easier to see and remove
34.8.4 Speeding up the healing process for broken bones
34.8.5 Producing batteries with greater power output
34.8.6 Using nanocomposites to make flexible batteries
34.8.7 Producing structural components with a high strength-to-weight ratio
34.8.8 Making lightweight sensors with nanocomposites
34.8.9 Nanotechnology in consumer products
34.8.10 Chemical and biological sensors using nanotechnology
34.8.11 Nanotechnology in energy production
34.8.12 Environmental nanotechnology
35 Stimuli-responsive nanocomposites for drug delivery
35.2 Stimuli-responsive nanocomposites: rationale and concepts
35.2.1 Exogenous/physical stimuli
35.2.2 Endogenous/chemical and biochemical stimuli
35.3 Polymeric materials for drug delivery: category and examples
35.4 Stimuli-responsive nanocomposites and their applications
35.4.1 Exogenous stimuli-responsive drug delivery
35.4.1.1 Thermo-responsive polymeric systems
35.4.1.2 Magnetically guided systems
35.4.1.3 Light-driven drug delivery
35.4.1.4 Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery
35.4.1.5 Electro-responsive polymers
35.4.2 Endogenous stimuli-responsive drug delivery
35.4.2.1 pH-responsive polymers and drug delivery systems
35.4.2.2 Protein-responsive polymers and drug delivery systems
35.4.2.3 Redox potential-responsive systems
35.4.2.4 Ion-responsive polymers and drug delivery systems
35.4.2.5 Glucose-responsive polymers and drug delivery systems
35.4.3 Combinatorial triggers response
35.4.3.1 Dual-responsive polymeric systems
35.4.3.2 Multistimuli polymeric-responsive systems
35.5 Conclusion, recommendations, and perspectives
36 Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery
36.2 Physicochemical parameters for nanobiomedicine
36.3 Iron-oxide-based nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy
37 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery
37.1 Introduction and overview of SPIONs and SPIONs–drug nanosystems
37.1.1 Properties of SPIONs
37.1.2 Synthesis of SPIONs
37.2 Important considerations for the design and synthesis of SPIONs–drug nanosystems
37.3 Conjugation chemistry for SPIONs–drug nanosystems
37.3.1 Covalent conjugation of SPIONs with drugs
37.3.1.2 Hydrazone linkage
37.3.1.4 Enzymatic cleavable linkers
37.3.1.5 Redox-cleavable linkers
37.3.1.6 Thermosensitive covalent bonds
37.3.2 Noncovalent conjugation of SPIONs with drugs
37.3.2.1 Hydrophobic interactions
37.3.2.2 Electrostatic interactions
37.3.2.3 Coordination chemistry
37.3.2.4 Host–guest interactions/encapsulation or absorption in porous materials
37.4 Targeting strategies and drug release mechanisms in the delivery of SPIONs–drug conjugates
37.4.1 Magnetic targeting
37.4.2 Active and passive targeting
37.4.3 Drug release mechanisms
37.5 Direct toxicity of SPIONs, toxicity of its degradation products, and induced responses
Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Drug Delivery
( Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials )
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