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Advances in Bioenergy

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Contents

Contributors

Preface

Chapter One: Foam Formation in Anaerobic Digesters

Abbreviations

1. What Is Foam?

1.1. Definition of Foam

1.2. Surface-Active Compounds

2. Methods for the Determination of Foaming Causes

2.1. Bubbling (Gassing Up) Method

2.2. Leipzig Foaming Test

2.3. Detection of the Surface Tension

3. Causes of Foaming

3.1. Effect of Abiotic Parameters

3.2. Effect of Substrates

3.2.1. Sewage Sludge in WWTP

3.2.1.1. Foam-Forming Filamentous Microorganisms

3.2.1.1.1. M. parvicella

3.2.1.1.2. N. amarae

3.2.2. Renewables

3.2.2.1. Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste

3.2.2.2. Waste Oils and Fats

3.2.2.3. Sugar Beet

3.2.2.4. Coarse Grain

3.3. Effect of Organic Loading Rate

4. Foam Formation in Full-Scale Anaerobic Digesters

4.1. Frequency of Foaming in Full-Scale Anaerobic Digesters

4.2. Consequences of Excessive Foaming in Anaerobic Digesters

5. Measures Against Foaming

5.1. Mechanical Measures

5.2. Defoamers

5.2.1. Mode of Action

5.2.2. Defoamers for Biogas Plants

5.3. Buffering Substances

5.4. Substrate Pretreatment

5.4.1. Feed Sludge Pretreatment in WWTP

5.4.2. Sugar Beet Pretreatment

5.4.3. Grain Pretreatment

6. Conclusion

7. Outlook for Further Research

References

Chapter Two: Catalytic Conversion of Biogas to Syngas via Dry Reforming Process

1. Introduction

2. DRB Reaction Chemistry

3. Catalyst System for DRB Reaction

3.1. Noble Metal Catalysts

3.2. Carbide Catalysts

3.3. Co-Based Catalysts

3.4. Ni-Based Catalysts

3.5. Bimetallic Catalysts

3.5.1. Ni-Co Catalysts

3.5.2. Ni-Pt Catalysts

3.5.3. Ni-Pd Catalysts

3.5.4. Ni-Rh Catalysts

3.5.5. Ni-Au Catalysts

3.5.6. Co-Noble Metal Catalysts

3.5.7. Ni-Fe Catalysts

4. Catalyst Deactivations

4.1. Influence of Impurity in Biogas

4.2. Carbon Deposition Mechanism

4.3. Ways to Suppress Carbon Deposition

5. Kinetics of DRB Reaction

5.1. Overview of Kinetics for DRB Reaction

5.2. Generally Used Kinetic Models

5.2.1. Power Law Model

5.2.2. ER Model

5.2.3. LH Model

6. Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter Three: Phosphorus Removal and Recovery From Anaerobic Digestion Residues

1. Introduction

1.1. Importance of Phosphorus Removal and Recovery for the Anaerobic Digestion Industry

1.2. Importance of P Recovery for Food-Energy-Water Nexus

2. General Framework for P Removal and Recovery From AD Residues

2.1. Effects of AD Process on P Release From Organic Wastes

2.2. A General Procedure for P Removal and Recovery From AD Residues

3. Physiochemical Treatments

3.1. Solid-Liquid Separations

3.2. Membrane-Based Treatments

3.3. Coagulation With Iron or Aluminum

3.4. Sorption and Adsorption

3.5. Ion Exchange

4. Biological Treatments

4.1. Enhanced Biological P Removal

4.2. Fungi

4.3. Algae

4.4. Constructed Wetlands

4.5. Bioelectrochemical Systems

5. Thermal and Thermochemical Treatments

5.1. Incineration and Coincineration

5.2. Gasification

5.3. Pyrolysis

5.4. Hydrothermal Liquefaction

5.5. Hydrothermal Carbonization

6. P Recovery and Reuse

6.1. Calcium Phosphate Precipitation

6.2. Struvite Crystallization

6.3. Biomineralization

6.4. Phosphorus Solubilization and Extraction

6.5. Characteristics of Common P Recovery Products

7. Full-Scale Applications, Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Perspectives

7.1. Current Status of Full-Scale Applications

7.2. Challenges

7.3. Future Perspectives

8. Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter Four: Biological Hydrogen Production From Renewable Resources by Photofermentation

1. Introduction

2. Biomass Resources

2.1. Agricultural Biomass

2.2. Forestry Biomass

3. Biohydrogen Production From Lignocellulosic Biomass

3.1. Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass

3.2. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Photofermentative Hydrogen Production

4. Reaction Mechanisms of Photofermentative Biohydrogen Production

5. Conditions for Photofermentative Biohydrogen Production

5.1. Light

5.2. Temperature

5.3. pH

6. Photosynthetic Bacteria

6.1. Native Species

6.2. Mutants

6.3. Consortia

7. Photobioreactor for Biohydrogen Production

7.1. Photobioreactors

7.2. Light Sources

7.3. Mixing

7.4. Reactor Design and Operation

8. Perspectives

References

Chapter Five: Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Into Platform Chemicals for Biobased Polyurethane Application

1. Introduction

2. Platform Chemicals From Lignocellulosic Biomass

2.1. Sorbitol

2.2. Xylitol

2.3. Glucaric Acid

2.4. Succinic Acid

2.5. Glutamic Acid

2.6. Lactic Acid

2.7. Furfural

2.8. 5-HMF

2.9. Levulinic Acid

3. Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biopolyol and PU Production

3.1. Oxypropylation of Lignocellulosic Biomass

3.1.1. Oxypropylation Process

3.1.2. Properties of Oxypropylation-Derived Polyols and PUs

3.2. Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass

3.2.1. Liquefaction Process

3.2.2. Properties of Liquefaction-Derived Polyols and PUs

4. Prospects and Concluding Remarks

References

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