CONTENTS

PREFACE

List of Contributors

Chinese Herbal Formula Naoxintong and Cardiovascular Protection

Hong Zhu1, Jingjing Zhao2, Li Li3, Lu Chen4, Lei Xu1, Zhen Dong1, Buchang Zhao5, Haiqin Wu5, Chao Zhao5, Yimin Wang5, Na Liu5, Kai Hu1, Junbo Ge1,6 and Aijun Sun1,6,*

INTRODUCTION

NXT AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION

NXT and CHD

NXT and Stroke

NXT and Other Cardiovascular-Related Diseases

Safety Issue of NXT

KEY ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF NXT AND POTENTIAL MECHANISMS

Salvianolic Acid B

Anti-Oxidant Effect

Anti-Thrombotic Effect

Anti-Inflammation Effect

Vasodilating Effect

Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect

Other Effects

Tanshinone IIA

Cardioprotective Effects

Inhibition of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect

Neuroprotection Effect

Ferulic Acid

Cardioprotective Effect

Improvement of Endothelial Function

Vasodilating Effect

Anti-Hypertensive Effect

Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effect

Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect

Anti-Thrombotic Effect

Anti-Arrhythmic Effect

Other Effects

Paeoniflorin

Cardioprotective Effect

Improvement of Endothelial Function

Inhibition of Vascular Remodeling

Anti-Thrombotic Effect

Anti-Arrhythmic Effect

CONCLUDING REMARKS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Lagenaria siceraria (Bottle Gourd) in Various Cardiovascular Complications

Aman Upaganlawar*

INTRODUCTION

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

TRADITIONAL USES OF BOTTLE GOURD

CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF LAGENARIA SICERARIA (BOTTLE GOURD)

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECT

CONCLUSION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Olea Europaea L.: Facts and Myths Regarding Cardiovascular Health

Daniela Ferreira1, Diana C.G.A. Pinto1, Artur M.S. Silva1 and Ana M.L. Seca1,2,*

INTRODUCTION

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND RISK FACTORS

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OF OLEA EUROPAEA

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF OLEA EUROPAEA EXTRACTS IN ANIMAL MODELS

OLEA EUROPAEA SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THEIR IN VITRO AND IN VIVO CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS EVALUATIONS

OLEA EUROPAEA CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH EFFECTS: HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS

OLIVE LEAF EXTRACTS TOXICITY

CONCLUDING REMARKS

ABBREVIATIONS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Herbal Therapies and Micronutrient Supplements in Cardiovascular Disease

Tasnim F. Imran* and Jacob Joseph*

INTRODUCTION

HERBAL THERAPIES WITH PREDOMINANT EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS, CORONARY DISEASE AND HEART FAILURE

Artichoke Leaf (Cynara Scolymus)

Butcher’s Broom Rhizome (Ruscus Aculeatus)

Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)

Ginkgo (Gingko Biloba)

Ginseng (Panax species)

Hawthorn (Crataegus species)

Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum)

Guggul or False Myrrh (Commiphora Myrrha or Commiphora Mukul)

Red Yeast Rice (Monascus Purpureus)

Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis)

Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)

Willow Bark/Willow Tree Derivatives (Salix spp)

HERBAL THERAPIES WITH EFFECTS ON CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

Foxglove (Digitalis Purpurea/Lanata)

Quinine/Quinidine (Derivative of Cinchona Tree Bark)

Lidocaine (Derivative of Arundo Donax)

HERBAL REMEDIES WITH EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE

Snakeroot (Rauwolfia Serpentina)

Stephania Tetrandra

Lingusticum Wallichii

Uncaria Rhynchophylla

Hellebore (Veratrum Viride)

Other Agents

COMMON FOODS AND HERBS, SPICES, MICRONUTRIENTS AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

Beta-Carotene

Black Currant Seed Oil (Ribes Nigrum)

Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum)

Blueberry (Cyanococcus)

Calcium

Chokeberry (Aronia Melanocarpa)

Chromium

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Cassia)

Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao)

Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum)

Coenzyme Q10

Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids) and Alpha Linolenic Acid

Grape Seed Extract (Vitis Vinifera)

Lingzhi (Ganoderma Lucidum)

Magnesium

Mastic (Pistacia Lentiscus)

Olive (Olea Europaea)

Policosanol (Saccharum Officinarum)

Pomegranate (Punica Granatum)

Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense)

Saffron (Crocus Sativus)

Selenium

Soybean (Glycine Max)

Tea (Camellia Sinensis)

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

CONCLUSION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Herbal Remedies for Atherosclerosis: From Back to the Future

Roodabeh Bahramsoltani1, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei2,3 and Roja Rahimi1,*

INTRODUCTION

ETHNOMEDICINAL USE OF HERBAL REMEDIES FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS

CLINICALLY INVESTIGATED MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Almond (Rosaceae)

Amla (Phylanthaceae)

Artichoke (Asteraceae)

Black Cumin (Ranunculaceae)

Cacao (Malvaceae)

Cranberry (Ericaceae)

Flax (Linaceae)

Garlic (Amaryllidaceae)

Ginger (Zingiberaceae)

Ginkgo (Ginkgoaceae)

Grape (Vitaceae)

Guar (Fabaceae)

Olive (Oleaceae)

Orange (Rutaceae)

Pine (Pinaceae)

Pomegranate (Lythraceae)

Psyllium (Plantaginaceae)

Sour Tea (Malvaceae)

Soybean (Fabaceae)

Strawberry (Rosaceae)

Tea (Teaceae)

Walnut (Juglandaceae)

PHYTOCHEMICALS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Berberine

β-Glucan

Curcumin (Curcuminoids)

Phytosterols/Stanols

CONCLUSION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Current Topics in Herbal Medicine with Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases

Aamer Saeed* and Fayaz Ali Larik*

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Type of CVDs

2. TYPE OF HERBAL MEDICINES

2.1. Calamus Quiquesetinervius

2.2. Berberis Herb

2.3. Allium Sativum

2.4. Rosmarinus Officinalis

2.5. Aesculus Hippocastanum

2.6. Camellia Sinensis

2.7. Terminalia Arjuna

2.8. Danshen Herbal Medicine

2.8.1. Danshen: What Every Cardiologist Must be Aware of:

2.8.2. Pharmacological Effects of Tanshinone IIA

2.8.3. Tanshinone IIA and Cardiac Hypertrophy

2.8.4. Tanshinone IIA and Myocardial Infarction

2.9. Kudzu Roots of Wild Specie P. lobata

2.9.1. Phytochemistry of Kudzu Root

2.10. Camellia Sinesis is a Standardized Capsule

3. CURCUMIN AS POTENT HERBAL MEDICINE

3.1. Curcumin Useful for the Treatment of Cardiac Hypertrophy

3.1.1. Curcumin and Calcium Homeostasis

3.1.2. Curcumin and Serum Cholesterol and Lipid Peroxides

3.2. Translating the Effect of Three Herbs- Ligusticum Chuanxiong (Lc), Dalbergia Odorifera (Do) and Corydalis Yanhusuo (Cy)

3.3. Corydalis Yanhusuo WT Wang

3.4. Panax Ginseng

3.4.1. Phytochemicals Found in Ginseng

Efficiency of Adjusting Blood Pressure

The Proposed Mechanism for Adjusting Blood Pressure

Efficiency of Myocardial Protection

Proposed Mechanism of Action

Efficacy of Regulating Vascular Endothelial Cells

Mechanism of Action

Regulating the Vasomotor Functions

Improving the Blood Circulation

Adjusting Blood Lipid Profile

4. FREQUENTLY USED HERBAL MEDICINES

4.1. Hippophae Rhamnoides or Sea Buckthorn

4.1.1. Cardiovascular Effects of Sea Buckthorn Flavonoids

4.1.2. Effects of Sea Buckthorn on Atherosclerosis and Platelet Aggregation

4.1.3. Recent Research on Sea Buckthorn

4.2. Crataegus Monogyna, Ginkgo Biloba, and Aesculus Hippocastanum Three Herbal Medicines Fort Remedy for Cardiovascular Diseases

4.3. Hawthorn

4.4. Ginkgo

4.5. Medicinal Plants Families for CVDs

4.6. Schisandra Chinensis a Vital Herbal Supplement

5.1. Current Developments in Herbal Medicines

5.2. Eucommia Ulmoides an Effective Herbal Medicine

C. Uses of Herbals in Cardiac Diseases in Animals and Humans with Their Proposed Mechanism

D. Introducing Synergism in Quartet of Herbal Medicines Widely Used in CVDs

E. Herbal Medicines Can Show Drug Interaction

CONCLUSIONS

GLOSSARY

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

APPENDIX-I: CHINESE MEDICINE REGISTRATION PROCEDURES IN CHINA

APPENDIX-II: EUROPEAN MEDICINE REGISTRATION PROCEDURES IN EUROPE

REFERENCES

Cardioprotective Plant Alkaloids: Ethnopharma-cology, Structure Activity Relationship and Synthetic Analogues

Abhijit Dey1,*, Ϯ, Samapika Nandy1,Ϯ, Anuradha Mukherjee2 and Rabindranath Bhattacharyya1

INTRODUCTION

9-Hydroxyellipticine (9HE)

Anisodamine

Berberine

Black Tea and Nicotine

Capsaicin

Colchicine

Coptisine

Ephedra Alkaloids

Fanchinoline

Huperzine A

Leonurine

Morphine

N,α-L-rhamnopyranosyl Vincosamide

Neferine

Oxymatrine

Papaverine

Piper Betle L. (Piperaceae) Alkaloids and Piperine

Rauvolfia Serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz (Apocynaceae) Alkaloids

Rhodobryum Roseum (Hedw.) Limpr. (Bryaceae) Alkaloids

Scrophularianines A-C

Tetrandine

Trigonelline

Vincristine

Ethnopharmacolgy of Cardioprotective Alkaloids and Bearing Plants

Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) and Synthetic Analogues

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

SUBJECT INDEX