Chapter
I: Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems
1.1 POLLUTION, AN ANTHROPOGENIC PROCESS
1.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLLUTANTS ACCORDING TO ORIGIN AND PERSISTENCE
1.3 IS AN ECOSYSTEM POLLUTED? A FIRST SCIENTIFIC ANSWER: BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION AND ENRICHMENT FACTOR
1.4 POLLUTION IMPLIES A DELETERIOUS EFFECT: TOXICITY TESTS AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BIOASSAYS
1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
1.6 PATHWAYS AND DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS IN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
Suggested Further Reading
2 - Nonpersistent Organic Pollution
2.1 THE CARBON CYCLE AND THE BALANCE OF OXYGEN IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; HYPOXIA
2.2 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES OF ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WATER
2.3 ESTIMATES OF ORGANIC MATTER IN EFFLUENTS AND RECEIVING WATERS: BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD), CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) ...
2.4 ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA AND ANOXIA
Suggested Further Reading
3 - Nonpersistent Inorganic Pollution
3.1 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE WATER
3.2 EUTROPHICATION AND HYPEREUTROPHICATION
3.3 PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT OF HYPEREUTROPHICATION
Suggested Further Reading
4.1 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS PRESENT IN MARINE WATERS
4.2 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF NATURAL WATERS; BATHING WATER REGULATIONS
4.3 MICROBIAL SAFETY OF SHELLFISH AND OTHER FOOD OF MARINE ORIGIN
Suggested Further Reading
5 - Liquid Wastes: From Self-purification to Waste Water Treatment
5.1 URBAN SEWAGE AND SELF-PURIFICATION OF NATURAL WATERS
5.2 CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT: REMOVAL OF PARTICLES AND ORGANIC MATTER
5.3 REMOVAL OF INORGANIC NUTRIENTS
5.4 DISINFECTION OF WASTEWATERS
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
6 - Plastics and Other Solid Wastes
6.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
6.2 PLASTICS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES
6.3 MARINE LITTER: DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTS
6.4 MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Suggested Further Reading
7 - Hydrocarbons and Oil Spills
7.1 SOURCES OF OIL IN THE SEA
7.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OIL; HYDROCARBONS
7.3 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
7.4 WEATHERING OF OIL IN THE SEA
7.5 OIL SPILLS: LESSONS LEARNED
7.5.1 Mortalities of Seabirds and Mammals
7.5.2 Mortalities on Benthic Organisms
7.5.3 Unbalances in Community Structure
Suggested Further Reading
8 - Persistent Organic Xenobiotics
8.1 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND DIOXINS
8.2 POLYBROMINATED COMPOUNDS
8.3 HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS: PLASTIC ADDITIVES, CLEANERS, PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS
Suggested Further Reading
9 - Trace Metals and Organometallic Compounds
9.1 METALS OF MOST ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
9.2 ESSENTIAL VERSUS XENOBIOTIC TRACE ELEMENTS
9.3 SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE METALS IN THE SEA
9.7 MERCURY AND METHYLMERCURY
Suggested Further Reading
10 - Distribution of Pollutants in the Marine Environment
10.1 MODELING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
10.2 PARTITION EQUILIBRIUM OR FUGACITY MODELS
10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION VERSUS PERSISTENCE
10.3.4 Biological Degradation
10.4 CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY
Suggested Further Reading
11.1 UPTAKE AND FATE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS IN THE ORGANISMS: TOXICOKINETICS
11.2 MODELING BIOACCUMULATION AND CALCULATING BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS, I. KINETIC MODELS
11.3 MODELING BIOACCUMULATION AND CALCULATING BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS, II. PARTITION EQUILIBRIUM MODELS
11.4 TROPHIC TRANSFER OF POLLUTANTS; BIOMAGNIFICATION
Suggested Further Reading
12.1 METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION AND ELIMINATION OF POLLUTANTS
12.2 PHASES OF THE ENZYMATIC BIOTRANSFORMATION
12.3 PHASE I: CYTOCHROME P450 DEPENDENT OXIDATIONS
12.4 PHASE II: CONJUGATION WITH GLUTATHIONE OR GLUCURONIC ACID
12.5 OXIDATIVE STRESS METABOLISM
12.6 METALLOTHIONEINS AND STRESS PROTEINS
Suggested Further Reading
13 - Theory and Practice of Toxicology: Toxicity Testing
13.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
13.2 TESTING AQUATIC TOXICITY; CONCENTRATION:RESPONSE CURVES, MEDIAN EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION AND TOXICITY THRESHOLD
13.3 LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; PROBIT ANALYSIS AND OTHER CONCENTRATION: RESPONSE MODELS
13.4 BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY
13.4.7 Interactions With Other Chemicals: Mixture Toxicity
Suggested Further Reading
14 - Sublethal Toxicity at the Level of Organism
14.1 ENERGY COSTS OF DETOXIFICATION AND REPAIR
14.2 EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL ENERGETICS, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT
14.3 EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTION; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
14.4 BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS WITH IMPLICATIONS ON BIOLOGICAL FITNESS
Suggested Further Reading
15 - Effects of Pollution on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems
15.1 CHANGES IN THE PRESENCE AND ABUNDANCE OF A POPULATION: THE CONCEPT OF INDICATOR SPECIES
15.2 CHANGES IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DIVERSITY INDICES AND SPECIES: ABUNDANCE CURVES
15.3 EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AT ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
Suggested Further Reading
III: Monitoring and Abatement of Marine Pollution
16 - Biological Tools for Monitoring: Biomarkers and Bioassays
16.1 USING NATIVE ORGANISMS: BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS
16.2 ENZYMATIC BIOMARKERS: ETHOXYRESOSUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE, GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES, ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
16.4 GENOTOXICITY BIOMARKERS: DNA ADDUCTS, MICRONUCLEUS, COMET ASSAY
16.5 IMPOSEX IN FEMALE GASTROPODS AND VITELLOGENIN IN MALE FISH
16.6 USING LABORATORY ORGANISMS: ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BIOASSAYS
16.7 LIQUID PHASE BIOASSAYS
16.7.1 Vibrio fischeri Bioluminiscence
16.7.2 Microalgae Growth Inhibition
16.7.3 Bivalve Embryogenesis
16.7.4 Sea-Urchin Embryo Test (SET)
16.8 SOLID PHASE BIOASSAYS
Suggested Further Reading
17 - Marine Pollution Monitoring Programs
17.1 INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION STATUS; CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TOOLS
17.2 GOALS, DESIGN, AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF MARINE MONITORING PROGRAMS
17.3 MARINE MUSSELS, THE UNIVERSAL BIOMONITORS OF POLLUTION
17.4 CASE STUDIES OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAMS: US MUSSEL WATCH, FRANCE RNO/ROCCH, OSPAR CEMP
Suggested Further Reading
18 - Pollution Control: Focus on Emissions
18.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
18.2 THE RATIONALE OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
18.2.1 Hazard Identification
18.2.2.1 Exposure Assessment
18.2.2.2 Toxicity Assessment
18.2.3 Risk Characterization
18.3 REGULATIONS FOR SINGLE CHEMICALS: THE REACH PARADIGM
18.4 REGULATIONS FOR COMPLEX EFFLUENTS AND DEPURATION OF WASTE WATERS
18.5 REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF OIL SPILLS
Suggested Further Reading
19 - Pollution Control: Focus on Receiving Waters
19.1 MANAGEMENT OF RECEIVING WATERS UNDER THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
19.2 EUROPEAN REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE AND THE MARINE STRATEGY FRAMEW ...
19.3 TOWARD SIMPLE, OBJECTIVE, AND UNIVERSAL TOOLS TO CLASSIFY ECOLOGICAL STATUS
19.4 TOWARD ECOLOGICALLY MEANINGFUL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS
Suggested Further Reading
Marine Pollution
：Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems
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