Front Cover

Polyphenols: Prevention and Treatment of Human Disease

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Section I: Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Vascular and Cardiac Disease and Cancer

Chapter 1: The Pharmacology of Avenanthramides: Polyphenols

1. Introduction

2. Occurrence and Biosynthesis

3. In Vitro Pharmacological Activities

3.1. Antiatherosclerosis

3.2. Antiinflammatory

3.3. Antioxidant

3.4. Anticancer

4. In Vivo Studies on Avenanthramides

5. Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation, and Bioavailibility

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2: Folate Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria

1. Introduction

2. Folate Metabolism and Bioavailability

3. Folate Deficiencies: Implications in Health and Disease

3.1. Folate and Neural Tube Defects

3.2. Folate and Anemia

3.3. Folate and Depression

3.4. Folate and Autism

3.5. Folate and Cardiovascular Disease

3.6. Folate and Cancer

4. Folic Acid Fortification and Supplementation

5. Folate Biosynthesis by Lactic Acid Bacteria

5.1. Folate and Probiotics

5.2. Folate Production Using Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria

6. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 3: A Triterpenoid Commonly Found in Human Diet: Ursolic Acid

1. General Information

2. Ursolic Acid and Health

2.1. Anticancer Effects

2.2. Antiinflammatory Effects

2.3. Effects on Cardiovascular Diseases

2.4. Effects on Renal Health

2.5. Antidiabetic Effects

2.6. Antigenotoxic Effects

2.7. Other Effects

3. Toxic Effects of Ursolic Acid

4. Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: The Major Flavonoid of Grapefruit: Naringin

1. General Information

2. Bioavailability and Kinetics

3. Naringin and Health

3.1. Anticancer Effects

3.2. Effects on Cardiovascular System

3.3. Hepatoprotective Effects

3.4. Effects on Kidney

3.5. Effects on Respiratory Tract

3.6. Effects on Central Nervous System

3.7. Antidiabetic Effects

3.8. Regulatory Effects on Lipid Metabolism

3.9. Effects on Bone Health

3.10. Estrogenic Effects

3.11. Antioxidant Effects

3.12. Antigenotoxic Effects

4. Toxic Effects of Naringin

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Structural Evaluation and Toxicological Study of a Bitter Masking Bioactive Flavanone, 'Eriodictyol'

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methodology

2.1. Materials

2.2. Computational Methodology

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Optimization of Stable Conformer of Eriodictyol

3.2. Frontier Molecular Orbitals and Structural Parameters

3.3. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Analysis

3.4. UV-Visible Spectral Analysis

3.5. NMR Spectroscopic Analysis

3.6. Electric Field Gradient Parameters

3.7. Toxicology and Drug Score Analysis

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section II: Cardiac Health and Polyphenols

Chapter 6: Postprandial Effects of Wine Consumption Along With a Meal on the Main Pathophysiological Systems

1. Introduction

1.1. Epidemiological Evidence for the Beneficial Effect of Wine

1.2. Wine Microconstituents and Their Cardioprotective Actions

2. Postprandial State and Atherosclerosis

3. Postprandial Interventions

3.1. Effects on Lipids and Glycemic Control

3.2. Effects on Oxidative Stress

3.3. Effects on Hemostatic Factors

3.4. Effects on Inflammation and Endothelial Function

4. Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Polyphenol-Induced Beneficial Effects on Cardiac Remodeling

1. Introduction to Pathological Cardiac Remodeling

2. Beneficial Effects of Polyphenols in Cardiac Remodeling

3. Effects of Polyphenols on Signaling Pathways Involved in Cardiac Remodeling

3.1. Ca2+-Mediated Signaling

3.2. MAPK Pathways

3.3. Polyphenols and Inflammation

3.4. Oxidative Stress

4. Polyphenols and Intracellular Calcium Handling

5. Polyphenols and Cardiac Fibrosis

6. Polyphenols and Autophagy in Cardiac Myocytes

7. Polyphenols and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cardiac Remodeling

8. Conclusion Remarks

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interests

References

Chapter 8: Effect of Cranberry Polyphenols and Metabolites on Microbial Activity and Impact on Urinary Tract Health

1. Introduction

2. Cranberry Polyphenols

3. Absorption, Metabolism and Bioavailability of Cranberry Polyphenols

3.1. Proanthocyanidins (PACs)

3.2. Anthocyanins

3.3. Flavonols

4. Urinary Tract Infection Cycle

5. Cranberry Components and Mechanisms of Action

5.1. Antiadhesion

5.2. Biofilm Formation and Motility

5.3. Link to Inflammation, Immunity, and Gut Flora

6. Clinical Outcomes

7. Summary

References

Chapter 9: Cranberry Polyphenols: Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

1. Introduction

1.1. History of the North American Cranberry

2. Cranberry Polyphenols

2.1. Proanthocyanidins

2.2. Anthocyanins

2.3. Flavonols

2.4. Phenolic and Benzoic Acids

2.5. Total Phenolics

2.6. Stilbenes, Terpenes, and Sterols

3. Total Phenolic Content of Cranberry Products

4. In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Cranberry Composition

5. Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health

6. Cranberry Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health

6.1. Antioxidant Activity

6.1.1. Ex Vivo Studies

6.1.2. Animal Studies

6.1.3. Human Studies

6.2. Oxidized LDL

6.3. Dyslipidemia

6.4. Vascular Health/Hypertension

6.5. Antiplatelet Aggregation

6.6. Glucose Control and Diabetes

6.7. Antiinflammation

7. Summary

References

Further Reading

Section III: Cancer Prevention and Treatment by Polyphenols

Chapter 10: An Insight of Polyphenols in Lung Cancer Chemoprevention

1. Introduction

2. Chemoprevention

3. Polyphenols and Lung Cancer

3.1. Green Tea Polyphenols

3.2. Pomegranate Polyphenols

3.3. Silybinin

3.4. Genistein

3.5. Curcumin

3.6. Resveratrol

3.7. Fisetin

3.8. Quercetin

3.9. Luteolin

4. Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Mushroom Polyphenols as Chemopreventive Agents

1. Introduction

2. Phenolic Compounds in Mushrooms

2.1. Phenolic Acids

2.2. Flavonoids

2.3. Other Phenolics

3. Review of in vitro Studies on Chemopreventive Phenolics in Mushrooms

4. Review of in vivo Studies on Chemopreventive Phenolics in Mushrooms

5. Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Pleiotropic Molecular Effects of Dietary Polyphenols Resveratrol and Apigenin in Leukemia

1. Introduction

2. Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol in Cancer

3. Molecular Targets of Resveratrol in Leukemia

3.1. Modulation of Apoptosis by Resveratrol

3.2. Cell Cycle as a Target of Resveratrol

3.3. miRNAs as Molecular Target of Resveratrol

3.4. Resveratrol in Multidrug Resistance

3.5. Sphingolipid Metabolism as a Potential Target of Resveratrol

3.6. Challenges of Resveratrol in Leukemia Research

4. The Importance of Apigenin in Human Health

4.1. Molecular Action Mechanisms of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention

4.2. Molecular Targets of Apigenin in Leukemia

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: The Polyphenolic Compound Apigenin and Applications to Cervical Cancer

1. Introduction

2. Cervical Cancer Natural History

3. Invasive Cervical Cancer Treatment/Intervention Modalities

4. Chemotherapy Drugs Currently Available for the Treatment of Invasive Cervical Cancer

5. Naturally Occurring Compounds and Applications to Invasive Cervical Cancer

6. The Polyphenolic Compound Apigenin and Applications to Cervical Cancer

7. Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: An Outside-In and a Reciprocal Inside-Out Hypothesis Combining Resveratrol and Its High Affinity Protein NQO2 ...

1. Introduction

2. Skin Cancer, Especially Melanoma, Remains a Public Health Challenge in the United States

3. UV Exposure and Risk of Melanomagenesis

4. Role p53, ASPP, and iASPP Play in Melanomagenesis

4.1. Role of p53

4.2. Role of ASPP and iASPP

5. p53 and iASPP are Targets of Resveratrol and Other Dietary Polyphenols in the Prevention of Melanomagenesis

5.1. Melanoma is Amenable to Chemoprevention

5.2. p53 and iASPP as Molecular Intervention Targets

5.3. Control of Melanomagenesis by Resveratrol

5.4. Reinstating WTp53 Activity by Resveratrol Via iASPP Nuclear Phosphorylation

5.5. Reinstating WTp53 Activity by Resveratrol Via NQO2-Mediated p53 Degradation

5.6. Control of Melanomagenesis by Phytochemicals

6. Conclusion

References

Chapter 15: Counteracting Resistance to BRAF V600E Mutation in Melanoma Using Dietary Polyphenols

1. Introduction

2. Discovery of BRAF

3. BRAF Mutation in Human Cancer and Melanoma

3.1. Biological Significance

3.2. Clinical Implications

3.3. Standard-of-Care and BRAF-Targeting Treatment Modalities for Melanoma

3.4. BRAF-Specific Inhibitors, e.g., PLX 4032 (FDA-Approved Zelboraf)

4. Overcoming Resistance to BRAF V600E Mutations in Melanoma With Dietary Agents-Blockade of De Novo Acquired Resistance ...

5. Perspectives and Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Role of Natural Compounds in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

1. Introduction

2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

3. Novel Targets for CLL Therapy

4. Natural Compounds for CLL Treatment

4.1. Curcumin

4.2. Quercetin

4.3. Resveratrol

4.4. Epigallocatechin Gallate

4.5. Apigenin

4.6. Ellagic Acid

4.7. Acacetin

4.8. Chrysin

4.9. Wogonin

5. Conclusions

References

Chapter 17: Polyphenols and Breast Cancer Prevention-A Summary of the Epidemiologic Evidence

1. Introduction

2. Human Consumption of Plant Food Phenols

3. Breast Cancer Risk Related to Different Classes of Polyphenols

3.1. Total Flavonoids

3.2. Flavonols

3.3. Flavanols

3.4. Procyanidins

3.5. Flavanones

3.6. Anthocyanidins

3.7. Isoflavones

3.8. Flavones

3.9. Lignans

4. Breast Cancer Risk Related to Polyphenol Containing Beverages

4.1. Black Tea

4.2. Green Tea

4.3. Coffee

5. Biomarker Studies

6. Conclusions

References

Chapter 18: Resveratrol Inhibitory Effects Against a Malignant Tumor: A Molecular Insight

1. Cancer Burden

2. Resveratrol Characteristics Summary

3. Cancer Cell Characterization and Resveratrol Action

4. Regulation of the Cell Cycle and Transcription Factors by Resveratrol

5. Cell Cytoskeleton and Migration Implemented by Resveratrol

6. Mitochondrial Function Regulated by Resveratrol

7. Apoptosis Induced by Resveratrol

8. Anticancer Sensitization Effects of Resveratrol

9. Conclusion

References

Chapter 19: Biological Activity of Resveratrol on an Ovarian Cancer Cell

1. Ovarian Cancer Overview

2. The Management of Ovarian Cancer

3. Angiogenesis-Inhibiting Treatment in Ovarian Cancer Patients

4. Maintenance Treatment of Ovarian Cancer With Mutated BRCA Genes

5. Ovarian Cancer Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induced by Resveratrol

6. Regulatory Functions of Resveratrol on Ovarian Cancer Cell Cycle and Transcriptional Factors

7. Glucose Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer Cell and Resveratrol

8. Conclusion

References

Section IV: Inflammation and Immune Function: Polyphenols

Chapter 20: Antiarthritic Effects of Turmeric and Curcumin: A Revisit

1. Introduction

2. Plants in Arthritis

2.1. Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) in Arthritis

2.2. Antiarthritic Effects of Turmeric/Curcumin Alone and in Combination With Clinically Used Agents: Preclinical Studies

2.3. Curcumin is Effective in Reducing Arthritis: Clinical Studies

2.4. Mechanism of Action

2.5. Curcumin Possesses Free Radical Scavenging Effects

2.6. Curcumin Suppresses Production of B Cell-Activating Factor

2.7. Curcumin Possesses Antiinflammatory Activity

2.8. Curcumin Decreases the Activation of Signal Transduction Pathways

2.9. Curcumin Decreases Nuclear Transcription Factors

2.10. Curcumin Decreases Matrix Metalloproteinases

2.11. Curcumin Induces Apoptosis of Synovial Fibroblasts

3. Conclusions

References

Chapter 21: Effects of Polyphenols on Inflammatory-Allergic Conditions: Experimental and Clinical Evidences

1. Introduction

1.1. Supplementation of Polyphenols to the Feed of Farmed Sea Bass

1.2. Potential Benefits of Polyphenol Administration to Obese People

1.3. Effects of Polyphenols Under Allergic Conditions

2. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 22: Polyphenols and Immune System

1. Introduction

1.1. Polyphenols

1.2. Innate Immune System

1.3. Adaptive Immune System

1.4. Oxidative Stress

1.5. Inflammation

1.6. Aging and Inflammaging

1.7. Polyphenols, Inflammation, and Immunity

1.8. Flavonoids on Immunity and Inflammation

1.8.1. Quercetin

1.8.2. Anthocyanins, Procyanidins, Epicatechin, Catechin

1.8.3. Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin

1.8.4. Curcumin

1.8.5. Phenolic Acids

1.8.6. Polyphenols Modulate Epigenetic Mechanism

1.8.7. Polyphenols and Immunonutrition

2. Conclusion

References

Section V: Gastrointestinal, Liver Health and Polyphenols

Chapter 23: Antioxidants and Polyphenols in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease

1. The Pathogenesis of UC and CD

1.1. Dysregulated Immune Reaction

1.2. Environmental Factors

1.3. Disease Susceptibility Genes

2. Reactive Oxygen Species in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease

2.1. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

2.2. ROS in IBD

3. Oxidants and Antioxidants and Role of Polyphenols in the Experimental Colitis

3.1. Polyphenols

3.1.1. Curcumin

3.1.2. Flavanols and Green Tea

3.1.3. Anthocyanins

3.1.4. Isoflavones

3.1.5. Flavonols

3.1.6. Flavanones

3.1.7. Flavones

3.2. Superoxide Dismutase

3.3. Herbal Remedies

3.4. Free Radical Scavengers

3.5. Glutathione

3.6. iNOS Inhibitor

4. Antioxidants in Human IBD

4.1. Curcumin

4.2. Green Tea and EGCG ((-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate)-rich Polyphenon E

4.3. Bilberry and Anthocyanins

4.4. Wheat Grass Juice

4.5. Resveratrol

4.6. SOD

4.7. Fish Oil

4.8. Allopurinol

References

Further Reading

Chapter 24: Red Propolis: Phenolics, Polyphenolics, and Applications to Microbiological Health and Disease

1. Introduction

2. Propolis Chemical Composition

2.1. Compounds Identified in Brazilian Red Propolis

3. Red Propolis Biological Activity

3.1. Antimicrobial Activity

3.1.1. Effects on Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease

3.2. Antiinflammatory Activity

4. Clinical Use of Red Propolis and Its Isolated Molecules

5. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 25: Viral Disease and Use of Polyphenolic Compounds

1. Polyphenolic Compounds

2. The Replication Cycle of Virus and the Target of Antiviral Activity

3. Antiviral Polyphenol Compounds Against RNA Viruses

3.1. Human Norovirus and Its Surrogates

3.2. Rotavirus (RV)

3.3. Enteroviruses

3.4. Influenza Virus

3.5. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

3.6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

3.7. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

3.8. Other Viruses

4. Antiviral Polyphenol Compounds Against DNA Viruses

4.1. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

4.2. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

4.3. Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 26: Hepatoprotective Effects of Curcumin in Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Memoir on the Preclinical Studies

1. Introduction

2. Curcumin in the Protection of Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity

3. Turmeric in Traditional Medicine

4. Curcumin is a Pleiotropic Pharmacological Polyphenol

5. Curcumin Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity

6. Conclusions

References

Chapter 27: Turmeric and Its Principal Polyphenol Curcumin as a Nontoxic Gastroprotective Agent: Recent Update

1. Introduction

2. Plants as Gastroprotective Agent

2.1. Turmeric, the Indian Culinary Gold in Gastroprotection

2.2. Curcumin Protects Against Indomethacin-Induced Ulcer in Rat

2.3. Curcumin Protects Against Pyloric-Ligation Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rat

2.4. Curcumin Protects Against Reserpine-Induced Ulcer in Rat

2.5. Curcumin Protects Against Hypothermic-Restraint Stress-Induced Ulcer in Rat

2.6. Curcumin is Effective Against H. pylori Infection

2.7. Turmeric/Curcumin Gastric Cancer

3. Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 28: Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, and Prebiotic Properties of Dietary Flavonoids

1. Introduction

2. In Vitro and Animal Studies

3. Human Studies

4. Conclusions

Conflict of Interest

References

Section VI: Polyphenols and Skin

Chapter 29: Polyphenols and Polyphenol-Derived Compounds From Plants and Contact Dermatitis

1. Introduction

2. Allergic Contact Dermatitis

2.1. Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Plant Contact Allergens

2.1.1. Alk(en)yl Catechols and Alk(en)yl Resorcinols

2.1.2. 1,4-Benzoquinone and Hydroquinone Terpenoids (Phacelioids)

2.1.3. Alkyl-1,4-benzoquinones, Alkyl-hydroquinones and Their Analogs

2.1.4. Flavonoids

2.1.5. Neoflavonoids (Dalbergiones)

2.1.6. Miscellaneous Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Sensitizers

3. Photocontact Dermatitis

3.1. Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Phototoxic Compounds From Plants

3.1.1. Furanocoumarins

3.1.2. Anthraquinones and Naphthodianthrones

4. Irritant Contact Dermatitis

5. Inhibition of Skin Inflammation and Contact Dermatitis

References

Chapter 30: Plant Polyphenols: The Futuristic Bioactive Therapeutics for Skin Care

1. Introduction

2. Types of Polyphenols

3. Phytometabolites Vis-a-Vis Traditional System of Medicine

4. Concept of Cosmeceuticals

5. Skin as Important Organ Vis-a-Vis Environmental Hazards

6. Antiskin Aging and Antiacne Effects

7. Anticancer and Antitumor Attributes

8. Polyphenols Against Skin Parasites and Pathogens

9. Antiviral Effects of Polyphenols

10. Nanotechnology and Drug Nanocarriers for Polyphenols

11. Opportunities, Challenges, and Conclusions

References

Chapter 31: Antiinflammatory Activity of Polyphenols on Dendritic Cells

1. Introduction

2. Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells

2.1. Ontogeny and Classification of Dendritic Cells

2.2. Recognition and Uptake of Antigens

2.3. Antigen Processing and Presentation

2.4. Maturation and Migration of Dendritic Cells

2.5. Dendritic Cell-T Cell Interaction

2.6. Applications of Dendritic Cells in Immunotherapeutic Strategies

2.6.1. Dendritic Cells in Infectious Diseases

2.6.2. Dendritic Cells in Antitumor Immunotherapy

2.6.3. Dendritic Cells in Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases, Allergies and Transplant Rejection

3. Modulation of DC Activation and Function by Polyphenols

3.1. Flavonoids

3.2. Stilbenes

3.3. Tannins

3.4. Lignans

3.5. Other Polyphenols

3.6. Modulation of Dendritic Cells by Polyphenols as an Immunotherapeutic Strategy

4. Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Section VII: Polyphenols and Health

Chapter 32: Effects and Usage of a Citrus Compound, Limonene

1. General Information

2. Bioavailability and Kinetics

3. Limonene and Health

3.1. Anticancer Effects

3.2. Antiinflammatory Effects

3.3. Antimicrobial Effects

3.4. Antioxidant Effects

3.5. Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Effects

3.6. Other Effects

4. Toxic Effects of Limonene

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 33: A Phytoestrogen Puerarin and Its Health Effects

1. General Information

2. Bioavailability and Kinetics

3. Puerarin and Health

3.1. Estrogenic Effects

3.2. Effects on Bone Health

3.3. Antidiabetic Effects

3.4. Anticancer Effects

3.5. Hepatoprotective Effects

3.6. Effects on Cardiovascular Diseases

3.7. Effects on Central Nervous System

3.8. Effects on Lipid Metabolism

3.9. Antioxidant Effects

3.10. Other Effects

4. Toxic Effects of Puerarin

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 34: Galangin as a Plant Phenolic and Usage in Health and Disease

1. General Information

2. Bioavailability and Kinetics of Galangin

3. Galangin and Health

3.1. Anticancer Effects

3.2. Antiinflammatory Effects

3.3. Effects on Bone Health

3.4. Antimicrobial Effects

3.5. Hepatoprotective Effects

3.6. Antidiabetic Effects

3.7. Antioxidant Effects

3.8. Antigenotoxic Effects

3.9. Other Effects

4. Toxic Effects of Galangin

5. Conclusions

References

Chapter 35: Can Green Tea Polyphenols Improve Phenotypes Associated With Down Syndrome?

1. Down Syndrome

1.1. Mouse Models of DS

1.2. Early Treatments of DS Traits in DS Mouse Models

2. Dyrk1a and DS Phenotypes

3. Treatment of Cognitive DS Phenotypes with EGCG

3.1. In Vitro EGCG Treatment to Reduce Dyrk1a Activity and Correct Hippocampal Deficits

3.2. Green Tea Extract Treatment in Mice to Correct Phenotypes Associated With Down Syndrome

3.3. Green Tea Extracts Have Differential Effects on Neurochemical Markers of Amino Acid Transmitter Systems in the Cereb ...

3.4. Combination of Green Tea Extract Treatment and Environmental Enrichment to Improve Cognitive Deficits in Trisomic Mice

3.5. Trisomic Mice Receiving Pure EGCG Treatment Largely Do Not Correct DS Cognitive Phenotypes

4. Clinical Trials of Green Tea Extracts to Correct Cognitive Deficits in Individuals With DS

5. The Use of EGCG to Potentially Correct Other Phenotypes Related to DS

5.1. EGCG Treatment of Ts65Dn Mice to Correct DS Bone Phenotypes

5.2. In Vitro Correction of Neural Progenitor Cell Deficits in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

5.3. EGCG Treatment to Correct Mitochondrial Deficits Associated With DS

5.4. Green Tea Extract Treatment for Alzheimer Disease-Related Cognitive Deficits

5.5. Treatment With EGCG to Alter Methylation and Proteolytic Activity

5.6. Prenatal and Perinatal Treatment With Pure EGCG at the Time the Deficit is Forming

6. Why All of the Differences in the Effects of EGCG in Different Studies?

6.1. The Content, Concentration, and Interaction With Other Polyphenols and Degradation Products With EGCG May Influence ...

6.2. Development and Timing and Targeting of EGCG Treatment

6.3. Dyrk1a May Not Be a Major Target of EGCG In Vivo

6.4. The Factors of Sexual Dimorphism and Genetics in Treatment

6.5. Treatment With Green Tea Extracts and EGCG May Be Beneficial to Some Traits and Harmful to Others

7. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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