Chapter
Chapter 1: Materials selection for marine composites
1.2.1. Thermosetting resins
1.2.1.1. Phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF)
1.2.1.2. Epoxide resin (Ep)
1.2.1.3. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPE)
1.2.1.4. Vinyl ester resin (VE)
1.2.1.5. Bismaleimide (BMI) resins
1.2.2. Thermoplastic polymers
1.2.2.1. Poly(propylene) (PP)
1.2.2.4. Poly aryl ether ketones (PAEK) (Cogswell, 1992)
1.3.4. Other reinforcement fibers
1.4. The fiber-matrix interface
1.5.2. Stitched or knitted fabrics
1.5.4. Three-dimensional woven fabrics
1.5.6. Preimpregnated reinforcements (prepregs) (HexPly Prepreg Technology, 2013)
1.7. Degradation of marine composites
1.7.2. Osmosis and blistering
1.7.3. Environmental stress concentration
1.7.5. Cavitation erosion
1.7.6. Galvanic corrosion
1.8. Life cycle considerations
1.8.2. Marine-sourced materials
Chapter 2: Thermoplastic matrix composites for marine applications
2.3. Manufacturing options
2.3.2. Manufacturing processes
2.3.2.2. Compression moulding
2.3.2.3. Automated tape placement
2.3.3. Particular morphology of thermoplastic composites induced by processing
2.4. Influence of the marine environment on thermoplastic composites
2.4.2. Carbon/polyamide 6
2.4.3. Glass and carbon reinforced acrylic
2.5. Underwater structures
2.7. Recycling and environmental impact
Chapter 3: Experimental and theoretical damage assessment in advanced marine composites
3.2. Damage to marine structures
3.2.1. Damage due to impulsive loading
3.2.2. Damage due to impact loading
3.2.3. Damage due to environmental effects
3.3. Nondestructive damage detection for maritime composites
3.3.1. Experimental methods
3.3.2. In situ damage detection
3.4. Numerical and theoretical modeling of composite damages
3.4.1. Finite element modeling
3.4.2. Hashin damage model for fiber/matrix failure in composite layups
3.4.3. Cohesive damage model for interlaminar fracture
3.4.4. Artificial neural networks for damage detection in laminated composites
3.4.5. Modeling cyclic fatigue damage to composites
Chapter 4: Durability testing and evaluation of marine composites
4.2. Loading and durability requirements
4.2.3. Moisture absorption and degradation
4.3.4. Manufacturing processes
4.3.5. Challenges facing the research community
4.4. Current sea water conditioning techniques
4.4.1. Effect of temperature
4.4.2. Effect of pressure
4.4.3. Effect of water composition
4.4.4. Effect of testing environment
4.4.6. Effect of specimen dimensions
4.4.7. Effects of the manufacturing process
4.4.8. Current aging procedures
4.5. Mechanical testing of saturated specimens
4.5.1. Testing methodology
4.5.2. Static testing of conditioned specimens
4.5.3. Impact testing of conditioned specimens
4.5.4. Fatigue testing of conditioned specimens
4.5.5. Further testing of conditioned specimens
4.6. Defining the limits of accelerated aging techniques
4.6.1. Effect on moisture absorption of increased temperature
4.6.2. Effect on mechanical properties of increased temperature
4.7. Modelling of accelerated moisture absorption
4.7.2. Effect of temperature on diffusivity
4.7.3. Effect of temperature on saturation level
4.7.4. Application of the model
4.7.5. Limitations of the model and potential improvements
4.8. Constituent-level predictive methods
4.9. Summary and future work
Chapter 5: Fire performance of maritime composites
5.2. Advanced polymer composites and design for maritime fire
5.2.1. Use of advanced polymer composites in maritime structures
5.2.1.1. Conventional materials for naval vehicles and offshore structures
5.2.1.2. Advantages of advanced polymer composites for naval applications
5.2.2. Fire hazards for naval composite structures
5.2.2.1. Fire design: Background
5.2.2.2. Fire safety strategies
5.2.2.3. Periods of fire development
5.2.2.3.1. Incipient period and ignition
5.2.2.3.3. Flashover period
5.2.2.3.4. Burning period
5.2.2.3.5. Fully developed
5.2.2.4. Design fire curves
5.2.2.4.1. Standard fire (ISO 834, 1975)
5.2.2.4.2. Hydrocarbon fire curve
5.3. Test methods and requirements for fire safety of maritime composites
5.3.1. Fire testing of maritime composite structures
5.3.1.1. ``Room corner´´ test ISO 9705
5.3.1.2. Cone calorimeter test ISO 5660
5.3.1.3. ISO 1182 for noncombustible materials
5.3.1.4. Other applicable tests
5.3.2. Fire safety and protection requirements for ships and submarines
5.3.2.1. Codes by international maritime organization
5.3.2.2. Other codes and regulations for naval ships and offshore structures
5.4. Fire reaction of maritime composites
5.4.1. Pyrolysis reaction of composites
5.4.1.1. Behavior of matrix at elevated temperature
5.4.1.2. Behaviors of reinforcing fiber at high temperatures
5.4.2. Fire characteristics of composite materials for marine use
5.4.2.2. Heat release rate
5.4.2.3. Smoke production and toxicity
5.5. Structural performance of maritime composite during fire and postfire mechanical performance
5.5.1. Structural responses of maritime polymer composites during fire
5.5.1.1. Behavior of single skin laminates
5.5.1.2. Behavior of polymer sandwich composites
5.5.2. Postfire mechanical properties of polymer composites
5.6. Numerical analysis of naval composite structure performance in fire
5.6.1. Modeling of composite fire reaction: From bench-scale to full-scale testing
5.6.1.1. Quintiere's fire growth model
5.6.1.2. Janssens method to predicting ignition properties
5.6.1.3. Computational fluid dynamic models to predict fire behaviors
5.7. Enhancement of maritime composite structures subjected to fire
Chapter 6: Effective use of composite marine structures: Reducing weight and acquisition cost
6.2. General objective and methodology
6.3. Material safety factors
6.4. Material characterization
6.5. Structural design exploration
Section B: Sandwich structures
Chapter 7: Core materials for marine sandwich structures
7.1.1. Fabrication of foam core sandwich structures
7.1.1.1. Adhesive bonding
7.1.1.3. Infiltration techniques
7.1.2. Marine loading conditions
7.2.2. Compressive properties of PVC foams and sandwiches
7.2.3. Impact properties of PVC foams and sandwiches
7.3.1. Hollow particles and their properties
7.3.2. Compressive properties
7.3.3. Impact properties of syntactic foams
7.3.5. Tailoring the properties of syntactic foams
Chapter 8: Resin infusion for the manufacture of large composite structures
8.1.1. What is resin infusion?
8.1.2. Why resin infusion?
8.1.3. Why not resin infusion
8.1.4. Challenges in a production environment
8.2. Physics of resin infusion
8.2.2.2. Consolidation and fabric compressibility
8.2.2.3. Measuring pressure
8.2.3. Cross sectional area
8.2.4.1. Distance from inlet to flow front
8.3. Materials selection and characterization
8.3.1.3. Exotherm temperature
8.4.1. Arrangement for infusion
8.5. Plant equipment, setup, and redundancy
8.5.4. Back-up generators and redundancy
8.6. Infusion prediction, strategy, and setup
8.6.1.1. Sequential feeds
8.6.2. A note on inclined surfaces
8.6.4. Resin flow management
8.6.5. Resolving dry patches
8.7. Resin delivery and management
8.8. Manufacturing process
8.9. Process control and preinfusion checks
8.9.1. Measuring variables
8.9.2. Understanding variables
8.9.4. Raw materials and ambient conditions
8.9.5. Preinfusion checks
8.9.9. In-process monitoring
8.9.10. Leaks in the vacuum bag
8.10. Postinfusion management
Section D: Advanced concepts and special systems
Chapter 9: Smart composite propeller for marine applications
9.2.2. Domain and mesh for flow analysis
9.3. Deformation of composite propeller
9.4. Modeling of shape memory alloy
9.4.1. Constitutive equation for SMA fiber
9.4.2. Recovery stress in lamina with SMA
9.4.3. Recovery stress at different temperatures
9.5. Fluid-structure interaction
9.7. Analysis of different propellers
9.7.1. Real marine propeller: Prop1
9.7.2. Simple composite propeller: Prop2
9.7.2.1. Design of thickness
9.7.3. Pre-pitched propeller: Prop3
9.7.4. SMAHC propeller: Prop4
9.7.4.1. Design of thickness
9.7.4.2. Positioning SMAHC inside propeller blade
9.7.4.3. Deformation of propeller blade under different operating condition
Part Two: Naval architecture and design considerations
Chapter 10: A structural composite for marine boat constructions
10.2. Basic core materials
10.3. Composite structure concepts
10.4.2. Weight comparison with Divinycell structure
10.5. Case study: A vessel structural computational design
10.5.1. Structural arrangement and geometry
10.5.2. Computational modeling
10.5.3. Computational results and discussion
Chapter 11: Offshore wind turbines
11.2. The load-bearing characteristics of composite bucket foundation
11.2.1. Force transfer mechanism of arc transitional section
11.2.2. Top cover load-bearing mode
11.3. Model tests on the bearing capacity of composite bucket foundation
11.3.1. The deformation mechanism and the soil-structure interactions of CBF under horizontal load
11.4. Model tests on the installation of composite bucket foundation
Chapter 12: Marine renewable energy
12.2. Bend-twist deformation coupling
12.3. General turbine design parameters
12.3.1. Power control system
12.3.2. Site-specific design
12.3.4. Cavitation, vibration, noise
12.4. Composite-specific design considerations
12.5. Potential performance benefits of composites
12.5.1. Lifetime performance
12.5.2. Effect on power and thrust
Chapter 13: Propulsion and propellers
13.2. The characteristics of composite propeller
13.2.1. The structural characteristic
13.2.2. The working characteristic
13.2.3. The difference between the composite and metal propellers
13.3. The calculation and evaluation method of composite propeller
13.3.1. The finite-element method and the PSF-2 program
13.3.2. The coupled 3-D FEM/VLM (vortex-lattice methods) method
13.3.2.1. The PSF-2 program based on lifting surface theory (Lin and Lin, 2005)
13.3.2.2. Coupled 3-D FEM/VLM method
13.3.3. The coupled FEM/BEM (boundary element method) method
13.3.3.1. The governing equation of BEM (Young, 2007)
13.3.3.2. Coupled 3-D FEM/BEM method
13.3.4. The coupled FEM/CFD (computational fluid dynamics) method
13.3.4.2. Steady fluid-structural coupling
13.3.4.3. Transient fluid-structural coupling
13.4. Performances of composite propeller
13.4.1. The open water performances
13.4.2. The hydro-elastic performance in nonuniform wake
13.4.3. Structural dynamic characteristics
13.4.4. Performance optimization
13.5. Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 14: Offloading marine hoses: Computational and experimental analyses
14.1.1. Flexible pipe in the offshore industry
14.1.2. Bonded flexible pipe: Offloading marine hoses
14.1.3. Components of an offshore marine hose
14.1.3.2. Liner and elastomeric body
14.1.3.3. Reinforcing plies
14.2.1. Constitutive models for hyperelastic materials
14.2.2. Failure models for composite materials
14.2.2.1. Tsai-Hill failure criterion (Kaw, 2006)
14.2.2.2. Tsai-Wu failure criterion (Tsai and Wu, 1970)
14.2.2.3. Hashin failure criterion (Hashin, 1980)
14.2.3. Mechanical behavior of flexible pipe
14.2.4. Hydrodynamic models
14.3. Offloading hoses: Computational and experimental analyses
14.3.1. Strength analysis
14.3.2. Stiffness analysis
Chapter 15: Modern yacht rig design
15.2.1. Aerodynamics: Slenderness
15.2.2. Means of adjustment: Stiffness
15.2.3. Ease of handling: Complexity
15.2.4. Robustness: Strength
15.3. Modern rig configurations
15.4. Selected design considerations
15.4.6. Number of spreaders in a rig
15.4.7. Diamond jumper arrangements
15.4.8. Headstay arrangements
15.4.9. Backstay arrangements
15.4.10. Size and size effects
15.5. Why weight savings?
15.6.2. Composites mechanical properties
15.7. Rig analysis technologies
15.8. Statics and dynamics
15.9.3. Developing a load matrix
15.10. Design criteria; safety margins, reserve factors
15.10.2. Standing rigging
Chapter 16: Composite materials for mooring applications: Manufacturing, material characterization, and design
16.2. Design of composite cables
16.3. Mathematical modeling of cables with linearized kinematics
16.4. Manufacturing of composite cables
16.5. Mechanical characterization and aging of composite cables
16.5.2. Tensile-tensile fatigue tests
16.5.4. Cyclic bending tests
16.6. Finite element modeling of composite cables
16.6.2. Contact between wires
16.6.3. Mechanical properties
16.6.4. FEM models for tensile and bending stresses
Marine Composites
：Design and Performance
( Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering )
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