Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Part I Basics

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nanotechnology

1.1 Nanotechnology: From Large to Small

1.1.1 Feynman: Plenty of Room at the Bottom

1.1.2 Nanotechnology Today

1.1.3 The Bottom‐Up Approach

1.2 Nanocarbons: Now and Then

1.2.1 Classification

1.2.2 Fullerenes

1.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes

1.2.4 Graphenes

References

Chapter 2 Nanodiamonds

2.1 Ah, Diamonds, Eternal Beautiful

2.2 Diamonds: From Structure to Classification

2.2.1 Structure

2.3 Diamond Synthesis

2.3.1 HPHT

2.3.2 CVD

2.3.3 Detonation

2.4 Nanodiamonds: A Scientist’s Best Friend

References

Chapter 3 Color Centers in Diamond

3.1 Nitrogen Impurities

3.2 Crystal Defects

3.3 Vacancy‐Related Color Centers

3.3.1 GR1 and ND1

3.3.2 NV0 and NV−

3.3.3 H3 and N3

3.3.4 SiV−

3.4 The NV− Center

References

Chapter 4 Surface Chemistry of Nanodiamonds

4.1 Functionalization

4.2 Bioconjugation

4.2.1 Noncovalent Conjugation

4.2.2 Covalent Conjugation

4.3 Encapsulation

4.3.1 Lipid Layers

4.3.2 Silica Shells

References

Chapter 5 Biocompatibility of Nanodiamonds

5.1 Biocompatibility Testing

5.1.1 Cytotoxicity

5.1.2 Genotoxicity

5.1.3 Hemocompatibility

5.2 In Vitro Studies

5.2.1 HPHT‐ND

5.2.2 DND

5.3 Ex Vivo Studies

5.4 In Vivo Studies

References

Part II Specific Topics

Chapter 6 Producing Fluorescent Nanodiamonds

6.1 Production

6.1.1 Theoretical Simulations

6.1.2 Electron/Ion Irradiation

6.1.3 Size Reduction

6.2 Characterization

6.2.1 Fluorescence Intensity

6.2.2 Electron Spin Resonance

6.2.3 Fluorescence Lifetime

6.2.4 Magnetically Modulated Fluorescence

References

Chapter 7 Single Particle Detection and Tracking

7.1 Single Particle Detection

7.1.1 Photostability

7.1.2 Spectroscopic Properties

7.1.3 Color Center Numbers

7.2 Single Particle Tracking

7.2.1 Tracking in Solution

7.2.2 Tracking in Cells

7.2.3 Tracking in Organisms

References

Chapter 8 Cell Labeling and Fluorescence Imaging

8.1 Cell Labeling

8.1.1 Nonspecific Labeling

8.1.2 Specific Labeling

8.2 Fluorescence Imaging

8.2.1 Epifluorescence and Confocal Fluorescence

8.2.2 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence

8.2.3 Two‐Photon Excitation Fluorescence

8.2.4 Time‐Gated Fluorescence

References

Chapter 9 Cell Tracking and Deep Tissue Imaging

9.1 Cellular Uptake

9.1.1 Uptake Mechanism

9.1.2 Entrapment

9.1.3 Quantification

9.2 Cell Tracking

9.2.1 Tracking In Vitro

9.2.2 Tracking In Vivo

9.3 Deep Tissue Imaging

9.3.1 Wide‐Field Fluorescence Imaging

9.3.2 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance Imaging

9.3.3 Time‐Gated Fluorescence Imaging

9.3.4 Magnetically Modulated Fluorescence Imaging

References

Chapter 10 Nanoscopic Imaging

10.1 Diffraction Barrier

10.2 Superresolution Fluorescence Imaging

10.2.1 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy

10.2.2 Saturated Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy

10.2.3 Deterministic Emitter Switch Microscopy

10.2.4 Tip‐Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy

10.3 Cathodoluminescence Imaging

10.4 Correlative Light‐Electron Microscopy

References

Chapter 11 Nanoscale Quantum Sensing

11.1 The Spin Hamiltonian

11.2 Temperature Sensing

11.2.1 Ultrahigh Precision Temperature Measurement

11.2.2 Time‐Resolved Nanothermometry

11.2.3 All‐Optical Luminescence Nanothermometry

11.2.4 Scanning Thermal Imaging

11.3 Magnetic Sensing

11.3.1 Continuous‐Wave Detection

11.3.2 Relaxometry

References

Chapter 12 Hybrid Fluorescent Nanodiamonds

12.1 Silica/Diamond Nanohybrids

12.2 Gold/Diamond Nanohybrids

12.2.1 Photoluminescence Enhancement

12.2.2 Dual‐Modality Imaging

12.2.3 Hyperlocalized Hyperthermia

12.2.4 NV‐Based Nanothermometry

12.3 Silver/Diamond Nanohybrids

12.4 Iron Oxide/Diamond Nanohybrids

12.4.1 Single‐Domain Magnetization

12.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

References

Chapter 13 Nanodiamond‐Enabled Medicine

13.1 NDs as Therapeutic Carriers

13.2 Drug Delivery

13.2.1 Small Molecules

13.2.2 Proteins

13.3 Gene Therapy

13.3.1 RNA

13.3.2 DNA

13.4 Animal Experiments

References

Chapter 14 Diamonds in the Sky

14.1 Unidentified Infrared Emission

14.2 Extended Red Emission

14.3 Cosmic Events at Home on Earth

References

Further Reading

Index

EULA