Chapter
1.5.2 Advances in Counter Electrode in DSSCs
1.5.2.1 Advances in Carbon Materials in DSSCs
1.5.2.2 Advances in Transition Metal Compounds in DSSCs
1.5.2.3 Advances in Polymers in DSSCs
1.5.2.4 Advances in Hybrids in DSSCs
1.6 General Design Consideration of this Book
Chapter 2 Pt Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
2.2 Working Principles of DSSCs and Origin of Pt CE Activity
2.3 Platinum Counter Electrode Materials
2.4 Platinum‐Based Composite Counter Electrode Materials
2.5 Stability of Pt‐Based CE in I‐Mediated Electrolytes
2.6 Scope for Further Research
Chapter 3 Metal and Alloy for CE Catalysts in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
3.2 Metal Counter Electrodes
3.3 Alloy Counter Electrodes
3.3.1 Low‐Pt Alloy Counter Electrodes
3.3.2 Pt‐Free Alloy Counter Electrodes
3.3.3 Transparent Alloy Counter Electrode
3.4 Preparation Methods of Alloy Counter Electrodes
3.5 The Basic Principles to Prepare Alloy Counter Electrodes
3.6 Summary and Perspective
Chapter 4 Counter Electrodes in DSSCs Based on Carbon Derived from Edible Sources
4.2 Electrochemistry of Carbon
4.3 Performance of DSSCs with Counter Electrodes Based on Various Forms of Carbon
4.4 Carbon from Edible Precursors
4.5.1 Materials Used for Fabrication of DSSC
4.5.3 Counter Electrode from Sucrose/Glucose/Sugar‐Free‐Derived Carbon
4.5.4 DSSC Device Assembly
4.7 Structure Analysis of the Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors
4.7.2 XRD and Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors
4.7.3 Morphology of the Carbon and Carbon Films Derived from Edible Precursors
4.8 Cyclic Voltammetry of Counter Electrodes
4.9 Photocurrent–Voltage Characteristics of DSSCs Fabricated Using Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors and Platinum
Chapter 5 Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
5.2 Carbon‐Derived Materials
5.4 Counter Electrode Application of CNTs in DSSCs
5.4.1 Pristine CNTs as Electrocatalysts
5.4.2 CNT with Dopants as Electrocatalysts
5.4.3 CNTs with Transition Metal Sulfides/Nitrides/Carbides/Oxides
5.4.4 CNTs with Conducting Polymers
Chapter 6 Graphene Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
6.2 Counter Electrodes in I‐Mediated DSSCs: Fundamentals
6.2.2 The Current Collector: Transparent Conducting Oxide
6.2.3 The Current Collector: Metals
6.2.4 The Current Collector: Graphene
6.2.5 The Rate of Triiodide Reduction
6.3 Graphene Electrocatalysts for Triiodide Reduction
6.3.1 Electrocatalysis on Graphene: Fundamentals
6.3.2 Carbon Cathodes in I‐Mediated DSSCs (Beyond Graphene)
6.3.3 Adhesion of Graphene to FTO
6.3.4 Characterization of Electrocatalytic Activity
6.3.5 Overview of Practical I‐Mediated DSSCs with Graphene Cathode
Chapter 7 Transition Metal Compound Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
7.2 Transition Metal Compound Counter Electrode Catalysts for Iodide Redox Couple in DSSCs
7.2.4 Sulfides and Phosphides
7.2.6 Borides, Silicides, and Tellurides
7.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
Chapter 8 Conductive Polymer Based Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
8.2 Nanoporous Electroactive Polymers as Counter Electrodes in DSSCs
8.2.3 Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
8.2.4 Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐Doped Polystyrene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)
8.2.5 Ferric p‐Toluene Sulfonate (FTS)‐Doped Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxy thiophene) (PEDOT:FTS)
8.2.6 Poly(3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT)
8.3 Main Affecting Parameters for High Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes
8.4 New Routes to Improve the Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes
8.5 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 9 Pt‐Loaded Composite Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
9.1.2 Operating Principles
9.2 Pt‐Loaded Composite CEs
9.2.1 Pt‐Loaded Carbon Material CEs
9.2.1.1 Carbon Black Composite Pt Counter Electrodes
9.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotube Composite Pt Counter Electrodes
9.2.1.3 Graphene Composite Pt Counter Electrodes
9.2.1.4 Carbon Nanofiber Composite Pt Counter Electrodes
9.2.2 Pt‐Loaded Conductive Polymer Counter Electrodes
9.2.3 Pt‐Loaded Transition Metal Compound Counter Electrodes
9.2.4 Pt‐Loaded Other Metal CEs
9.3 Conclusions and Outlook
Chapter 10 TMCs/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
10.3 Polymer Counter Electrode in DSSCs
10.4 TMC Counter Electrode in DSSCs
10.5 Polymer/TMC Composite Electrodes in DSSCs: Recent Strategies
10.5.1 TMC Chalcogenide/Polymer‐Composite‐Based Counter Electrodes
10.5.2 TMC Oxide/Polymer Composite‐Based Counter Electrodes
10.5.3 TMC Nitride/Polymer Composite‐Based Counter Electrodes
10.5.4 TMC Metal and Alloy/Polymer‐Composite‐Based Counter Electrodes
Chapter 11 Carbon/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for the Counter Electrode of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
11.2.1 Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
11.2.4 Other Conductive Polymers
11.3.5 Other Carbon Materials
11.4 Composites as the CE in DSSCs
11.4.1 Composites of Two Carbon Allotropes
11.4.2 Composites of Carbon Materials and Metal, Metal Oxide or Metal Sulfide
11.4.3 Composites of Carbon Materials and Polymers
Chapter 12 Carbon/Transition Metal Compound/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
12.2 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon, Transition Metal Compound, and Polymer
12.3 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Transition Metal Compound
12.4 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Transition Metal Compound and Polymer
12.5 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Polymer
12.6 Other Hybrid Electrocatalysts
12.7 Stability Issue of Pt‐Free Electrocatalysts
Chapter 13 Polycomponent Electrocatalysts for I‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
13.2 Electrochemical Analysis Methods for Counter Electrodes
13.2.1 Current Density–Voltage Measurement
13.2.2 Cyclic Voltammetry
13.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
13.2.4 Tafel Polarization Analysis
13.3 Polycomponent‐Based Counter Electrode Materials
13.3.1 Ternary Chalcogenides
13.3.2 Quaternary Chalcogenides
13.3.3 Other Polycomponent Materials
13.3.4 Polycomponent‐Based Composites
13.4 Conclusion and Outlook
Chapter 14 Cu Complex Redox Couples Open Up New Possibilities for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
14.2 Overview of Current Status and Operational Principles
14.3 Electrochemical Properties of Cu Complexes – Basic Concepts
14.3.1 Charge Transfer and Charge Transport Processes: Regeneration, Recombination, Mass Transport, and Counter Electrodes
14.3.2 Deleterious Processes
14.3.4 Counter Electrodes
14.4 Solar Cell Device Performance
14.4.1 Iodide and Cobalt‐Based Redox Mediators
14.4.2 Copper Coordination Complexes
14.5 Cu‐complex‐Based Solid‐State DSSC – “Zombie Cells”
Chapter 15 Electrocatalysts for T‐Mediated Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
15.2 Thiolate(T)‐Based Redox Couples
15.3 Inorganic Transition Metal Compounds
15.4 Organic Conductive Polymers
15.5 Carbonaceous Materials
15.6 Conclusions and Outlook
Chapter 16 Stability Assessment Strategy for Counter Electrode Catalysts of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
16.2 Present Stability Assessment for CE Catalysts in DSSCs
16.3 Target Values for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts
16.4 Road Map or Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts in DSSCs
16.5 Some Examples for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts
16.5.1 Mechanical Stability Assessment
16.5.2 Sonication Removal Technique
16.5.3 Nano‐indentation Surface Scanning Technique
16.5.4 Mechanical Bending Technique
16.5.5 Tape Adhesion Technique
16.5.6 Electrochemical Stability Assessment
16.5.6.1 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Scanning Technique
16.5.6.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Technique
16.5.6.3 Dark Current–Voltage Characteristics
16.5.7 Long‐Term Stability Assessment
Chapter 17 Metal Counter Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells
17.1 Perovskite Solar Cells – Short History and typical Architectures
17.2 Metal Counter Electrodes
17.5 Silver Nanowire Electrodes
17.11 Titanium Electrodes
17.12 Stainless Steel Electrodes
17.13 Metal Alloy Contacts
Chapter 18 Carbon Counter Electrodes for Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells
18.2 Carbon Electrodes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
18.3 Carbon Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells
Chapter 19 First‐Principles DFT Calculations for Perovskite Solar Cells
19.3 Structure Modeling in DFT Calculations
19.4 First‐Principles Calculations for Electronic Properties
19.5 First‐Principles Calculations for Defects
19.6 Ferroelectric Properties
19.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Chapter 20 Boundary Engineering of Counter Electrodes for Dye‐Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells
20.1 Boundary Modeling of Perovskite Solar Cells
20.2 The Device Capacitance of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells
20.3 Results and Discussion
20.3.1 Evaluation of the Solar Cells Using LED Solar Simulator
20.3.2 Capacitance Calculation Using Low Light Intensity I–V Data
20.3.3 Evidence of the Capacitance Effects from the Constructed Physical Device
20.3.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for High‐Capacitance‐Based Solar Sells
20.4.1 Device Preparation
Appendix A Cell Efficiency Table of DSSCs with Various Counter Electrode Electrocatalysts
Counter Electrodes for Dye-sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells
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