Chapter
1 - Recent studies on durability of natural/synthetic fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites
1.2 Durability of hybrid composites based on ultraviolet radiation effect
1.2.1 Ultraviolet testing methods
1.3 Durability of hybrid composites based on moisture absorption effect
2 - Durability of natural/synthetic/biomass fiber–based polymeric composites: laboratory and field tests
2.5 Degradation of biofibers and its properties
2.6 Effect of degradation on dimensional behavior
2.7 Biodegradable polymers
2.9 Why biodegradable polymers are notable?
2.10 Durability tests of biocomposites
3 - Prediction of the cyclic durability of woven-hybrid composites
3.2 Woven hybrid composites
3.2.1 Description of woven architecture
3.2.2 Advantages of woven hybridization
3.2.3 Preparation of woven hybrid composites
3.2.3.1 Hand lay-up technique
3.2.3.2 Autoclave processing
3.2.3.3 Pressing techniques
3.3.1 Durability characterization
3.3.2 Cyclic durability measurements
3.4 The factors influencing the durability of woven hybrid composite
3.4.1 Hygrothermal behavior effects
3.4.2 Thermo-oxidation effects
3.4.3 UV-irradiation effects
3.5 Prediction of the cyclic durability of composites
3.5.1 Description of the cyclic durability test
3.5.2 Modelization of the cyclic durability
3.5.2.1 Empirical/semi-empirical models (macroscopic strength models)
3.5.2.2 Phenomenological models for residual stiffness/strength (residual strength/stiffness models)
Residual stiffness models
3.5.2.3 Progressive damage models (or mechanistic models)
Models predicting damage growth
Models predicting residual mechanical properties
Failure tensor polynomial in fatigue
3.5.3 Modelization of cyclic durability of woven hybrid composites
4 - Fatigue life prediction of textile/woven hybrid composites
4.2 Fatigue properties of hybrid composites
4.3 Factors influencing mechanical properties and fatigue life of hybrid composites
4.3.1 Type and pattern of fibers
4.3.6 Loading conditions and stress ratio
5 - Durability of composite materials during hydrothermal and environmental aging
5.2 Durability of polymer composites
5.3 Polymer composites aging
Biodegradation by micro-organisms
5.4 Accelerated aging of polymer composites
5.4.2.2 Hygrothermal aging
6 - Impact damage analysis of hybrid composite materials
6.1 What are hybrid composites?
6.3 Classification of impact tests
6.8 Nondestructive testing
7 - Damage analysis of glass fiber reinforced composites
7.3 Damage analysis using Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE)
7.4 Experimental procedure for damage detection
7.5 Results from the dye penetrant testing
7.6 Optical microscope analysis
8 - Accelerated testing methodology for long-term life prediction of cellulose-based polymeric composite materials
8.2 Aging mechanisms in polymer composite materials
8.2.1 Effects of moisture and water on polymeric composite materials' performance
8.2.2 Polymer matrix degradation
8.3 Life prediction of polymeric composite materials
8.3.1 Life prediction in hostile environments
8.3.1.2 Temperature-moisture-stress superposition
8.3.1.3 Weathering complexity
8.3.1.4 Ionizing radiation effect
8.3.2 Life prediction from creep behavior
8.3.3 Fatigue life prediction of matrix-dominated polymeric composite materials
8.4 Standard accelerated ageing test methods
8.4.1 Liquid absorption test methods
8.4.2 Thermal stability test
8.4.3 Accelerated testing methods for oxidative aging of polymeric composites
8.5 Polymeric composite cellulose/cement development–case studies
8.5.1 Microcrystalline cellulose
8.5.2 Cellulose nanocrystal/cellulose nanowhisker
8.5.3 Cellulose nanofibril/microfibrillated cellulose
8.6 Fabrication of sand-biocement blocks
8.6.1 Compressive strength of sand-biocement blocks
8.6.2 Density of sand-biocement blocks
8.6.3 Water absorption of sand-biocement blocks
8.7 Results and discussion
8.7.1 Compressive strength
8.8 Conclusions and future perspective
9 - Evaluation of the effects of decay and weathering in cellulose-reinforced fiber composites
9.2 Degradation on material-based biomass
9.2.1 Biological influences on material-based biomass: an overview
9.2.1.2 Biodeterioration: classification and characterization
9.2.2 Environmental degradation
9.2.1.1 Degradation due to moisture exposure
9.2.1.2 Degradation due to exposure to outdoor environments
9.2.3 Biological degradation
9.3 Degradation by water and soil application
9.3.1 The effects of water immersion degradation on biocomposites
9.3.2 The effects of soil burial degradation on biocomposites
9.4 Degradation by weathering application
9.4.1 The effects of natural weathering degradation on biocomposites
9.4.2 The effects of artificial weathering degradation on biocomposites
9.5 Recent advancements of biocomposite applications for quality and durability service
10 - Long-term strength and durability evaluation of sisal fiber composites
10.2 Experimental investigations
10.2.2 Preparation and testing of cementitious mortar composite
10.3 Results and discussion
10.3.1 Compressive strength
10.3.1.1 Strength at 28days (normal age)
10.3.1.2 Strength at later periods (i.e., 56–120days)
10.3.2.1 Strength at normal age (28days)
10.3.2.2 Strength at later ages (i.e., 56–120days)
10.3.3 Split-tensile strength
10.3.3.1 Strength at normal age (28days)
10.3.3.2 Strength at later ages (i.e., 56–120days)
10.3.4 Impact strength of fly ash–cement mortar and fly ash–cement mortar composite slabs
10.3.4.1 Normal-age behavior (28days)
10.3.4.2 Later-age behavior (56–120days)
10.3.5 Flexural strength of fly ash–cement mortar and fly ash–cement mortar composite slabs
10.3.6 Durability of fly ash–cement mortar and fly ash–cement mortar composite slabs
10.3.6.1 Evaluation of durability based on “Irs”
10.3.6.2 Evaluation of durability based on flexural toughness index (IT)
10.4.1 Strength behavior of cementitious mortar composites
10.4.2 Impact strength of cementitious mortar composite
10.4.3 Flexural strength of cementitious mortar composites
10.4.4 Durability of sisal fiber cementitious mortar composites
11 - The environmental impact of natural fiber composites through life cycle assessment analysis
11.2 Review of life cycle assessment analysis for natural fiber composites
11.2.1 Framework of life cycle assessment analysis
11.2.1.1 Goal and scope definition
11.2.1.2 Inventory analysis
11.2.1.3 Impact assessment
11.2.2 Life cycle assessment analysis of natural fiber composites
11.2.2.1 Production phase
11.3 Case study on simplified life cycle assessment analysis for hybrid natural fiber composite automotive components
11.3.2 Hybrid sugar palm/glass fiber–reinforced polyurethane composites
11.3.3 Simplified life cycle assessment analysis of hybrid sugar palm and glass fiber–reinforced polyurethane composite anti-roll bar
11.3.3.1 Define the goal and scope of study
11.3.3.2 Inventory analysis of LCA
11.3.3.3 Impact assessment analysis
11.3.3.4 Interpretation of results
12 - Understanding the durability of long sacred grass/Imperata cylindrica natural/hybrid FRP composites
12.2 Materials and processing
12.2.1 Sacred grass/Imperata cylindrica fiber
12.2.2 Composites fabrication and testing
12.3 Results and discussion
12.3.1 Mechanical properties
12.3.2 Fiber-matrix relation through SEM images
12.3.3 Durability of composites
13 - Experimental determination of tribo behavior of fiber-reinforced composites and its prediction with artificial neural networks
13.1.1 Composite materials
13.1.2 Tribological characterization
13.3.1 Materials and methods
13.3.2 Development of CFPCs
13.3.3 Test setup and conditions
13.3.4 Design of experiments
13.4 Results and discussions
13.5 Modeling wear response
13.5.1 Training and testing the network for wear behavior response of CFPCs
14 - Investigation of the mechanical properties of Napier-grass-reinforced composites for the aerospace industry: a review
14.2.1 Composition of raw material
14.3.1 Mechanical properties of Napier grass single fibers
14.3.2 Effect of treated fiber diameter sizing and surface structure
14.4 Mechanical properties of Napier grass fiber-reinforced composites
14.4.1 Properties of tensile and flexural analysis of Napier grass fiber-reinforced composite
15 - The flammability of biocomposites
15.2 Types of flame retardants
15.3 Research on flammability of biocomposites
15.4 Instruments and standards to measure thermal properties and flammability of biocomposites
15.4.1 Differential scanning calorimeter
15.4.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
15.4.3 Vertical burn test
15.4.4 Liming oxygen index test
15.5 Biochar as a flame-resistant composite constituent
15.5.1 How thermally stable and fire resistant is biochar?
15.5.2 Effect of biochar addition on flammability and fire-resistant properties of polymeric composites
15.5.3 Synergistic effect of biochar and conventional flame retardants
15.6 Fire-resistant natural fiber (wool)
15.6.1 Effects of natural additives on wool composite performance
15.7 Fire properties of protein materials (wheat gluten)
16 - Nondestructive testing method for Kevlar and natural fiber and their hybrid composites
16.3 Damage and defects in composites
16.4 Nondestructive testing
16.4.1 Nondestructive testing versus structural health monitoring
16.4.2 NDT for Kevlar (synthetic fiber) and its hybrid composites
16.4.3 NDT for natural-synthetic fiber–hybrid composites
16.4.4 NDT for natural-natural fiber–hybrid composites
16.5 Conclusion and future perspective
17 - A novel approach to rheological and impact strength of fibre-reinforced cement/cementitious composites for durability evaluation
17.2 Rheological strength and durability of cement/cementitious mortar composite
17.2.1 A novel approach to two-parameter rheological characteristics of cement/cementitious composites
17.2.1.1 Method of finding the cohesion of the cement mortar composite
17.2.2 A novel method of testing cement mortar composite slabs for impact strength
17.2.4 Projectile impact test setup for testing cement mortar composite slabs
17.2.5 Impact testing procedure
17.2.6 Durability evaluation of the composite
18 - Effects of high temperature and ultraviolet radiation on polymer composites
18.2 Polymer composite materials for high-temperature applications
18.2.2 High-temperature polymer fuel cells
18.2.3 Polymer composites in electrical engineering
18.3 Effects of high temperature on tensile, compression, and viscoelastic properties of polymer composite materials
18.3.1 Tensile and compression properties
18.3.2 Viscoelastic property
18.4 Methods to improve the temperature resistance properties of polymer composites
18.4.1 Addition of fillers and additives
18.4.2 Incorporation of nanoparticles
18.4.3 Chemical/enzymatic treatments
18.5 Polymer composite materials for UV-resistant applications
18.5.1 Outdoor applications
18.5.1.1 Polymer composite coatings
18.5.1.2 Architectural products
18.5.1.3 Outdoor insulations
18.6 Effect of UV radiation on mechanical properties and color stability of polymer composites
18.6.1 Mechanical properties
18.7 Methods to improve the UV resistance properties of polymer composites
18.7.1 Dispersion of nanomaterials
18.7.2 Addition of UV stabilizers and UV absorbers
Durability and Life Prediction in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites
( Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering )
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