Chapter
1.3.3.3 Polymer-protein conjugates
1.3.3.4 Polymer-drug conjugates (polymeric prodrugs)
1.3.5 Triggered-release drug delivery via stimuli-responsive polymers
1.3.5.1 Endogenous triggered-release systems
1.3.5.2 Exogenous triggered-release systems
1.3.5.3 Clinical development
Chapter 2: Stimuli-responsive polymers as smart drug delivery systems: Classifications based on carrier type and triggered-release m ...
2.2 Internally responsive drug delivery
2.2.1 Thermo-responsive delivery
2.2.2 pH-responsive delivery
2.2.3 Biological-responsive delivery
2.2.4 Inflammation-responsive delivery
2.2.5 Redox-responsive delivery
2.2.6 Enzyme-responsive delivery
2.3 Externally responsive drug delivery
2.3.1 Photo-responsive delivery
2.3.2 Thermo-responsive delivery
2.3.3 Ultrasound-responsive delivery
2.3.4 Magnetic-response delivery
2.3.5 Electroresponsive delivery
2.4 Dual-responsive or multiresponsive polymer systems
2.5 Future trends and conclusion
Part Two: Endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems
Chapter 3: The smart chemistry of stimuli-responsive polymeric carriers for target drug delivery applications
3.2 The smart chemistry of polymeric carriers
3.2.2 Thiol-ene and thiol-eyn coupling chemistry
3.2.3 Macromere reactions/chemistry
3.3 Stimuli-responsive micronanomaterials for control delivery
3.3.1 Temperature-responsive carriers
3.3.2 Electrical-responsive carriers
3.3.3 Photo/light-responsive carriers
3.3.4 pH-responsive carriers
3.3.5 Enzyme-responsive carriers
3.3.6 Glucose-responsive carriers
3.3.7 Redox-responsive polymers
3.3.7.1 Glutathione (GSH) responsive polymers
3.3.7.2 ROS responsive polymers
3.3.8 Magnetic responsive polymers
3.3.9 Ultrasound-responsive polymers
3.4 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Chapter 4: Enzyme-responsive polymers for drug delivery and molecular imaging
4.2 Design strategies of developing enzyme-responsive polymers
4.3 Applications of enzyme-responsive polymers
4.3.1 Hydrolase-responsive polymers
4.3.1.1 Protease-responsive polymers
4.3.1.2 Esterase-responsive polymers
4.3.1.3 Glycosidase-responsive polymers
4.3.2 Oxidoreductase-responsive polymers
4.3.3 Transferase-responsive polymers
Chapter 5: pH-responsive polymers for drug delivery applications
5.2 The drug delivery system
5.3 pH-responsive polymer-based drug delivery scaffolds
5.4 Strategies for the design of pH-responsive polymer-based DDSs
5.4.1 Loading drugs onto the nanocarrier: Encapsulation versus conjugation
5.4.2 Strategies based on protonation/deprotonation mechanisms
5.4.2.1 Anionic pH-sensitive polymers
5.4.2.2 Cationic pH-sensitive polymers
5.4.3 Strategies based on acid-labile bond cleavage mechanisms
5.4.3.1 Acid-labile chemical bonds in the construction of the nanocarrier
5.4.3.2 Acid-labile chemical bonds for the conjugation of nanocarrier to drug
Chapter 6: Magnetically responsive polymers for drug delivery applications
6.2 Magnetic nanoparticles: Properties and heating mechanism
6.2.2 Heating mechanism of MNPs
6.2.3 Encapsulation of MNPs within polymeric composites
6.3 Thermosensitive polymers: Action mechanism and types
6.4 Drug delivery and triggering mechanisms
6.4.1 Drug delivery mechanisms in bulk magnetic-responsive devices
6.4.2 Drug delivery mechanisms in nanoscale magnetic-responsive devices
6.5 Magnetic-responsive polymers in drug delivery applications
6.5.1 Bulk magnetic materials as drug delivery devices
6.5.2 Magnetic nanocarriers as drug delivery devices
Part Three: Polymeric nanocarriers for stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems
Chapter 7: Responsive block copolymers for drug delivery applications. Part 1: Endogenous stimuli-responsive drug-release systems
7.2 Endogenous stimuli-triggered cell targeting
7.3 Endogenous stimuli-responsive drug-release systems
7.3.1 pH-responsive polymeric nanocarriers
7.3.2 Redox-responsive polymeric nanocarriers
7.3.3 Enzyme-responsive polymeric nanocarriers
Chapter 8: Responsive block copolymers for drug delivery applications. Part 2: Exogenous stimuli-responsive drug-release systems
8.2 Exogenous stimuli-responsive cell targeting
8.3 Exogenous stimuli-responsive drug-release systems
8.3.1 Thermoresponsive polymeric nanocarriers
8.3.2 Light-responsive polymeric nanocarriers
8.3.3 US-responsive polymeric nanocarriers
8.3.4 Magnetic field-responsive polymeric nanocarriers
Chapter 9: Responsive polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms for drug delivery applications
9.2 General aspects of polyelectrolytes and PEM films
9.3 Fabrication of responsive PEM films
9.3.1 Electrostatically assembled PEM films
9.3.2 Hydrogen bonded PEM films
9.3.3 Covalent interactions
9.4 Loading of drug or other biomolecules in the PEM film
9.5 Different methods of release from PEM films
9.5.1 Environmental stimuli
9.6 Applications of PEM films
9.6.1 Antibacterial coatings
Chapter 10: Responsive polyelectrolyte complexes based on natural polysaccharides for drug delivery applications
10.2 Polysaccharides in drug delivery
10.3 Polyelectrolyte complexes
10.4 PECs based on natural polysaccharides
10.5 Polysaccharide-based PECs as a class of stimuli-responsive polymers for drug delivery
10.5.1 Temperature-responsive polysaccharide-based PECs
10.5.2 pH-Responsive PECs based on natural polysaccharides
10.5.3 Light-responsive PECs based on natural polysaccharides
10.5.4 Redox-responsive PECs based on natural polysaccharides
10.5.5 Electric field responsive PECs based on natural polysaccharides
10.5.6 Biomarker-responsive PECs based on natural polysaccharides
10.6 Underutilized polysaccharides for possible complexation
Chapter 11: Responsive polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery applications
11.2 Preparation of polymeric nanoparticles
11.2.1 Preparation of nanoparticles by dispersion of preformed polymers (physical method)
11.2.1.1 Solvent evaporation
11.2.1.2 Solvent diffusion
11.2.1.3 Nanoprecipitation/solvent displacement
11.2.1.7 Supercritical fluid technology
11.2.2 Preparation of nanoparticles by polymerization of monomers (chemical method)
11.2.2.1 Emulsion polymerization
11.2.2.2 Mini-emulsion polymerization
11.2.2.3 Microemulsion Polymerization
11.2.2.4 Interfacial polymerization
11.2.2.5 Controlled/living radical polymerization (C/LRP)
11.3 Properties of smart nanoparticles
11.3.1.1 Hemocompatibility
11.3.1.2 Histocompatibility
11.3.3 Surface properties of nanoparticles
11.3.5 Electrical and optical properties
11.3.6 Magnetic properties
11.4 Applications of smart nanocarriers in drug delivery
11.4.1 Smart polymeric nanoparticles as colloidal DDSs
11.4.2 Smart polymeric nanoparticles as magnetic field-responsive DDSs
11.4.3 Smart polymeric nanoparticles as pH-responsive DDSs
11.4.4 Smart polymeric nanoparticles as temperature-responsive DDSs
11.4.5 Smart polymeric nanoparticles as light/photo-responsive DDSs
11.4.6 Smart polymeric nanoparticles as electric-field-responsive DDSs
11.4.7 Smart polymeric nanoparticles as erosion-controlled DDSs
11.5 Obstacles and difficulties for smart nanodrug delivery systems in potential clinical applications
11.6 Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 12: Stimulus-responsive nanogels for drug delivery
12.2 Crucial physicochemical properties of NGs for drug delivery in cancer therapy
12.2.3 Mechanical properties
12.2.4 Surface chemistry and charge
12.3 Response to stimuli of the NGs for triggered drug delivery
12.3.2 Magnetic-responsive NGs
12.3.3 Redox-responsive NGs
12.3.4 Photo-responsive NGs
12.3.5 Enzyme-responsive and glucose-responsive NGs
12.3.6 Multiresponsive NGs
12.4 Concluding remarks and perspectives
Chapter 13: Stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels and nanogels for drug delivery applications
13.1.1 Concepts and biomedical applications
13.1.2 Characterization methods
13.2 Hydrogel-based nanoparticles
13.2.1 Nanogels: an overview
13.2.2 Characterization methods
13.3 Stimuli-responsive bulk hydrogels and nanogels: triggers and mechanisms
13.3.1 pH-sensitive systems as drug carriers
13.3.2 Temperature as trigger for responsive systems
13.3.3 Glucose-responsive systems
13.3.4 Redox-mediated drug release
Part Four: Biopolymer and biodegradable nanocarriers for stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems
Chapter 14: Bioinspired polymeric carriers for drug delivery applications
14.2 Bioinspired polymers
14.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)—physiochemical and biological characteristics
14.2.2 Chitosan—physiochemical and biological characteristics
14.2.3 Keratin—physiochemical and biological characteristics
14.3 Polymeric materials—notable potentialities
14.3.1 Unique structural and physiochemical characteristics
14.4 Drug delivery systems (DDS)
14.4.1 Modulated drug delivery systems
14.4.2 Programmed drug delivery systems
14.4.3 Feedback-regulated drug delivery systems
14.4.4 Site-targeting drug delivery systems
14.5 Bioinspired polymeric carriers: smart and innovative drug delivery systems
14.5.1 PHAs-based polymeric carriers for drug delivery
14.5.2 Chitosan-based polymeric carriers for drug delivery
14.5.3 Keratin-based polymeric carriers for drug delivery
14.6 Miscellaneous biopolymers and their drug delivery exploitations
14.7 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Chapter 15: Stimuli-responsive biopolymer nanocarriers for drug delivery applications
15.3 Synthetic biopolymers
15.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanaotes
15.4 Stimuli-responsive biopolymer nanocarriers
15.4.1 pH-responsive biopolymer nanocarriers
15.4.2 Thermo-responsive biopolymer nanocarriers
15.4.3 Redox-responsive biopolymer nanocarriers
Chapter 16: Responsive polymer-biomacromolecule conjugates for drug delivery
16.2 Responsive polymer materials for drug delivery
16.3 Techniques for conjugating responsive polymers to biomacromolecules
16.4 Protein/peptide-polymer conjugation through covalent bindings (grafting to)
16.4.1 Conjugation via amines
16.4.2 New approach to increase site specificity in protein/peptide-polymer conjugation reactions
16.5 Protein/peptide-polymer conjugation through production of radicals on the biomacromolecules (grafting from)
16.5.1 LRP technique in the polymer-protein/peptide conjugation field
16.6 Protein/peptide-polymer conjugation through polymerizable biomacromolecule
16.7 Attachment of responsive polymers to polysaccharides and nucleic acids
16.7.1 Polysaccharides-polymer conjugation
16.7.2 Nucleic acid-polymer conjugation
16.8 Applications of responsive polymer-biomacromolecules conjugates
16.8.1 Delivery of therapeutic molecules
Chapter 17: Responsive biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications
17.2 Biopolymer-based microgel/nanogel preparation
17.3 Drug loading and release systems
17.4 Biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels: Prepared from carbohydrates and polyphenols
17.4.1 Hyaluronic acid microgels/nanogels
17.4.2 Dextran microgels/nanogels
17.4.3 Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) microgels/nanogels
17.4.4 Inulin microgels/nanogels
17.4.5 Carrageenan microgels/nanogels
17.4.6 Sucrose microgels/nanogels
17.4.7 Chitosan microgels/nanogels
17.4.8 Tannic acid-based microgels/nanogels
17.4.9 Rutin-based microgels/nanogels
17.4.10 Quercetin microgels/nanogels
Chapter 18: Stimuli-responsive poly (ε-caprolactone)s for drug delivery applications
18.2 pH-responsive poly(caprolactone)s
18.3 Temperature responsive polycaprolactones
18.4 Reduction responsive poly(caprolactone)s
18.5 Light responsive poly(caprolactone)s
18.6 Multiresponsive polycaprolactones
Chapter 19: Responsive polysaccharides and polysaccharides-based nanoparticles for drug delivery
19.2 Nature and drug delivery
19.3.1 Polysaccharides as excipients
19.3.2 Building blocks for drug devices
19.3.3 Stimuli-responsive polysaccharides
19.3.4 Self-regulated polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems
19.5 Polysaccharides in nano-drug delivery
19.5.1 Polysaccharides for delivery of small molecules
19.5.2 Polysaccharides for delivery of proteins and peptides
19.5.3 Polysaccharides for delivery of nucleic acids
19.5.4 Polysaccharides for delivery of antibiotics
19.6 Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles for specificity
19.6.3 Controlled release
19.7 Polysaccharide-based nanostructures for multifunctionality
Chapter 20: Responsive cyclodextrins as polymeric carriers for drug delivery applications
20.2 Structure and properties of CDs for drug delivery
20.3 Functionalization of CD for stimuli-responsive property
20.3.1 CD glycoconjugates
20.3.2 Cross-linked CDs and hydrogels
20.3.4 CD-based supramolecular host-guest systems
20.4 Application of stimuli-responsive CD
20.4.1 Thermo-responsive CD
20.4.3 Photo-responsive CD
20.4.4 Magnetic-responsive CD
20.4.5 Enzyme-responsive CD
20.4.6 Redox-responsive CD
20.4.7 Dual- and multistimuli-responsive CD-based systems
20.5 Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 21: Chitosan as responsive polymer for drug delivery applications
21.4 Chitosan-based responsive carrier systems for drug delivery
21.4.1 Chitosan-based pH-responsive systems
21.4.2 Chitosan-based temperature-responsive systems
21.4.3 Chitosan-based pH- and temperature-responsive systems
21.4.4 Chitosan-based pH and ionic responsive systems
21.4.5 Chitosan-based magnetic responsive systems
Chapter 22: Biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates nanocarriers for drug delivery applications
22.2 Raw PHA as a therapeutic delivery carrier
22.3 Modified PHA nanocarriers in therapeutic deliveries
22.3.1 Bioengineered PHA nanocarriers
22.3.2 Functionalized PHA graft copolymer-based nanocarriers as delivery carriers
22.3.3 Functionalized PHA block copolymer-based nanocarriers as delivery carriers
22.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 23: Biodegradable polymeric micelles for drug delivery applications
23.2.1 Mechanism of polymeric micelle formation
23.2.2 General characteristics of micelles
23.2.3 Polymeric micelle preparation
23.2.4 Drug loading and release
23.2.5 Biological half-life of polymeric micelles
23.3 Biodegradable polymeric micelles
23.3.1 Cross-linked biodegradable micelles
23.3.2 Ligand-linked biodegradable micelles
23.3.3 Drug release from biodegradable pH-responsive micelles
Stimuli Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications
：Volume 1: Types and triggers
( Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials )
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