Front Cover

PGPR Amelioration in Sustainable Agriculture

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Biography

1. Ecology and Diversity of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Agricultural Landscape

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Microbial Diversity Analysis

1.3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

1.4 Spatio-Temporal Changes and Factor Affecting PGPR Diversity

1.5 Phosphate Solubilization

1.6 Siderophore Production

1.7 Nutrient Exchange

1.8 Microorganisms in Agriculture

1.9 Future Perspective

1.10 Conclusions

References

2. Mechanisms of Plant-Microbe Interactions and its Significance for Sustainable Agriculture

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Cataloguing the Plant-Microbe Interaction

2.2.1 A systemic perspective of plant-microbe interaction: Symbiosis verses pathogenesis

2.2.2 Plant-microbe interaction: Biofertilizer

2.2.3 Plant-microbe interactions: Rhizoremediation

2.2.4 Plant-microbe interactions: Biocontrol agent

2.3 Factors Governing Plant-Microbe Interactions

2.4 Applications of Plant-Microbe Interactions

2.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

Further Reading

3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Application in Biofertilizers and Biocontrol of Phytopathogens

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria as Biofertilizer

3.3 Mechanism of Action

3.3.1 Phosphate solubilization

3.3.2 Siderophore production

3.3.3 Phytohormones production

3.3.4 Ammonia and hydrogen cyanide production

3.3.5 Enzyme production

3.3.6 Nitrogen fixation

3.4 Microbial Inoculation for the Plant Growth Promotion

3.5 Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria as Biocontol

3.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

4. PGPR Bioelicitors: Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Proteomic Perspective on Biocontrol

4.1 Introduction

4.2 PGPR as BCAs and their Mode of Actions

4.2.1 Antibiotics

4.2.2 Siderophores

4.2.3 Cell wall degrading enzymes

4.2.4 Volatile organic compounds

4.2.5 Induced systemic resistance

4.3 Proteomic Perspective on Biocontrol

4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective

References

Further Reading

5. Amelioration of Salinity Stress by PGPR: ACC Deaminase and ROS Scavenging Enzymes Activity

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Salinity Stress and ROS

5.3 ROS Scavenging in Plants

5.4 Ethylene in Salinity Stress

5.4.1 Regulation of plant stress ethylene levels

5.5 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

5.5.1 ACC deaminase-containing bacteria

5.5.2 PGPR and ROS scavenging in salt stress

5.5.3 ACC deaminase containing rhizobacteria in salt stress

5.6 Future Prospective

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

6. Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Drought Tolerance: Regulating Growth Hormones and Osmolytes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Drought Adaptations by Plants-Microbe Combination

6.3 Mechanisms Followed by Plants for Drought Tolerance

6.3.1 Maintenance of relative water content for plant adaptation

6.3.2 Generation of less ROS under drought stress

6.3.3 Modulation of plant growth regulators

6.4 PGPR Mediated Phytohormones in Drought Mitigation

6.4.1 IAA producing microbes for drought mitigation

6.4.2 ACC deaminase-containing PGPR in drought tolerance by lowering ethylene levels

6.4.3 PGPR adjusting phytohormone levels other than IAA and ethylene during drought stress

6.5 Osmolytes: Biomolecules to Endure Drought Stress in Plants

6.6 Diversity of Osmoprotectants Among PGPR

6.6.1 Sugar

6.6.2 Sugar alcohols

6.6.3 Amino acids

6.6.4 Quaternary ammonium compounds

6.7 Conclusion

References

7. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for Sustainable Agriculture: Perspectives and Challenges

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The rhizosphere: A play ground for PGPR activities

7.3 What are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

7.4 Occurrence and forms of PGPR

7.5 Role of PGPR for sustainable agriculture

7.5.1 PGPR as biofertilizers

7.5.1.1 Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)

7.5.1.2 Phosphate solubilization

7.5.1.3 Potassium solubilization

7.5.1.4 Siderophore production (Iron chelation)

7.5.1.5 Zinc solubilization

7.5.2 PGPR as phytostimulators

7.5.3 PGPR as biopesticides

7.5.4 PGPR as bioremidators

7.5.5 PGPR for stress management

7.6 Future perspective and challenges

7.7 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Further Reading

8. Recent Development of Patent in Indian Scenario With Special Reference to Microbial Patents

8.1 Introduction

8.2 What Can Be Patented?

8.2.1 Patentable subject matter

8.3 Types of Patents

8.3.1 Types of patent application filing in India

8.3.2 Patent prosecution in India (http://www.ipindia.nic.in/)

8.4 Microbial Patents in Indian Scenario

8.5 Status of Microbial Patenting

8.6 Requirements for Microbiological Patent Application

8.6.1 Types of patentable microbiological invention

8.7 Critical Issues on Microbial Patents

8.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective

References

Further Reading

9. Evidence for Widespread Microbivory of Endophytic Bacteria in Roots of Vascular Plants Through Oxidative Degradation i...

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Seedling Survey, Seed Transmission, and Bacterial Distribution in Seedling Tissues

9.3 Evidence for Microbivory in Diverse Vascular Plant Families

9.4 Nuclear Colonization

9.5 Bacterial Movement in Plant Cells

9.6 Bacterial Colonization of Seedling Roots of Panicum Virgatum

9.7 Change in Bacterial Shape

9.8 Evidence for Increased Nitrogen Assimilation by Bacteria in Planta

9.9 The Lysis Process

9.10 Microbivory as a Defense from Parasitism by Endophytic Bacteria

9.11 The “rhizophagy cycle” or “rhizophagy symbiosis”

9.12 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

10. Portraying Rhizobacterial Mechanisms in Drought Tolerance: A Way Forward Toward Sustainable Agriculture

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Rhizobacterial Mediated Mechanisms of Drought Stress Tolerance

10.3 Modulations in Phytohormonal Levels

10.4 Osmolyte Production to Reduce Osmotic Stress

10.5 Antioxidant Defensive Machinery

10.6 Rhizobacterial Exopolysaccharides Production

10.7 Volatile Production in Inducing Drought Tolerance

10.8 Production and Regulation of Stress-Responsive Genes

10.9 Conclusion and Future Outlook

References

11. Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria From Momordica Charantia L.

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Materials and Methods

11.2.1 Study site, sampling, and bacterial isolation

11.2.2 Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates

11.2.3 Identification of bacterial isolates by 16S r RNA amplification

11.2.3.1 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing

11.2.3.2 PCR Condition

11.2.3.3 Agarose gel electrophoresis

11.2.3.4 Gel elution

11.2.3.5 Quantification of DNA

11.2.3.6 Analysis of 16S r DNA sequences

11.2.4 Plant growth promoting traits of bacterial isolates

11.2.5 Antibiotic sensitivity test

11.2.6 Carbon and Nitrogen utilization

11.2.7 Stress tolerance

11.2.8 Lysis in SDS

11.3 Results

11.3.1 Morphological and biochemical characteristics

11.3.2 Phylogenetic analysis

11.3.3 Plant growth promoting analysis

11.3.4 Carbon and Nitrogen source utilization

11.3.5 Antibiotic sensitivity

11.3.6 Stress tolerance

11.4 Discussions

11.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

12. Tolerance of Heavy Metal Toxicity Using PGPR Strains of Pseudomonas Species

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Heavy Metals and Their Effects on Plant Growth

12.3 Pseudomonas Sp. in Heavy Metal Tolerance

12.4 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Tolerance

12.5 Future Prospective

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Index

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