Front Cover

Crop Protection

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Chapter One: Rethink RNAi in Insect Pest Control: Challenges and Perspectives

1. RNAi in Insect Pest Control

2. Challenges in Applying RNAi for Pest Control

2.1. dsRNA Delivery in Practice

2.2. Efficiency of RNAi in Pest Control

2.3. Resistance Development to RNAi

3. RNAi in the Context of Insect Ecology

4. dsRNA Delivery

4.1. Environmental RNAi and Insect Pest Control

4.2. Cross-Kingdom RNAi and Insect Pest Control

5. Synergy

5.1. Management of Current Insecticide and Bt Resistance

5.1.1. Insecticide Resistance

5.1.2. Bt Resistance

5.2. Enhancement of Insect Pest Pathogens Virulence

5.3. Enhancement of Plant Host Defence to Herbivore Pests

6. Conclusions and Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter Two: microRNAs as Regulators of Insect Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity

1. Introduction

2. How Are miRNAs Produced?

3. How Do miRNAs Function?

4. miRNAs in Insects

5. Regulatory Role of miRNAs in Insect-Pathogen Interactions

5.1. Viruses

5.1.1. Baculoviruses

5.1.2. Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus

5.1.3. Mosquito-Borne Viruses

5.1.4. Other Viruses

5.2. Bacteria

5.3. Fungi

5.4. Plasmodium

6. Role of miRNAs in Immune Regulation in Insects

7. Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter Three: The Honeybee Queen: The Implications of Eusociality on Parasite-Mediated Competition

1. The Honeybee: An Important Managed Pollinator

2. Eusocial Apis mellifera Does Not Serve All Worker Bees

3. Competition Mediated by Parasites

4. Parasite-Mediated Competition and Social Bees

5. Competition Mediated by Parasites and Domesticated Bees

6. Research Directions

Acknowledgements

Conflicts of Interest

References

Chapter Four: The Potential Control Strategies Based on the Interaction Between Indoor Cockroaches and Their Symbionts in ...

1. Classification, Hazards and Control of Common Indoor Cockroaches

1.1. Classification

1.2. Hazards

1.3. Pesticide Resistance and Biological Control

2. The Species and Distribution of Symbionts

3. Transmission Mechanism of Symbiotic in Cockroaches

3.1. Vertical Transmission

3.2. Horizontal Transmission

3.3. Colonization of Intestinal Bacteria During Moulting

3.4. Factors Affecting Colonization of Intestinal Bacteria

4. How to Distinguish Between Beneficial Symbionts and Pathogens

4.1. Defence Mechanisms of Insects Against Pathogens

4.2. Immune Reactions to Beneficial Symbionts

5. Function of Endosymbionts

5.1. Nutrition and Metabolism

5.1.1. Nitrogen Source of the Host

5.1.2. Carbon Source of the Host

5.1.3. Other Nutritional Effects

5.2. Reproductive Regulation

5.3. Defence Function

5.3.1. Defence Against Predators, Parasitoids and Parasites

5.3.2. Defence Against Entomopathogens

5.3.2.1. Protections Against Viruses and Pathogenic Bacteria

5.3.2.2. The Interaction Between Symbionts and Pathogenic Fungi

5.4. Insecticide Resistance

5.5. Effect on Behaviour

5.6. Other Functions

6. Outlook

6.1. Application of Wolbachia in Cockroach Control

6.2. Interaction Between Symbionts and Entomopathogenic Fungi

6.3. Paratransgenesis

6.4. Pesticide Resistance Management and Push-Pull Strategy

Acknowledgements

References

Further Reading

Chapter Five: Beyond Baculoviruses: Additional Biotechnological Platforms Based on Insect RNA Viruses

1. Introduction

2. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Plants and the Expansion to VIGS in Insects

3. Virus Infections in Insects and RNAi

4. Platforms for VIGS Vectors in Insects

4.1. Flock House Virus

4.2. Other Single-Stranded Positive-Sense RNA Viruses

4.2.1. Tetraviridae

4.2.2. Dicistroviridae

4.2.3. Macula-Like Latent Virus

4.3. Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus

4.4. Arboviruses and Mosquito-Specific RNA Viruses

4.5. Plant Viruses Vectored by Insects

5. VLPs as More Safe Alternative for Delivery of dsRNA Molecules

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter Six: Emerging RNA Suppression Technologies to Protect Citrus Trees From Citrus Greening Disease Bacteria

1. Asian Citrus Psyllid and Citrus Greening Disease, Huanglongbing

1.1. Power of RNA Suppression

2. Progress in Psyllid Gene Annotation and Resources

2.1. Genome ACP

2.2. Endosymbiont Genomes in ACP

2.3. Citrus Genomes

3. Progress in RNAi in Psyllids

3.1. Delivery of dsRNA Is Important for Successful RNAi

4. Improving Persistence and Activity (Use of Noncanonical Nucleosides)

4.1. Noncanonical dsRNA to Increase Persistence and RNAi Activity

4.2. Canonical and Noncanonical ak-dsRNA Knockdown in ACP

5. Assisted Delivery Mechanisms

5.1. Ribonucleoprotein Particle

5.2. Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules

6. Antisense Oligonucleotides

6.1. Morpholinos

6.2. 2'F-ANA-ASO (AUM LifeTech, Inc.)

6.3. ASO Targeting Bacteria in Citrus Trees and ACP

7. Gene Editing Strategies in ACP

7.1. BAPC-CRISPR/CAS9 System, Knockout in ACP

8. Future Outlook

8.1. Considerations and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Further Reading

Chapter Seven: Screening, Efficacy and Mechanisms of Microbial Control Agents Against Sucking Pest Insects as Thrips

1. Introduction

2. Species of Microbial Control Agents Against Insect Thrips

2.1. B. bassiana

2.2. M. anisopliae

2.3. L. lecanii

2.4. Other Entomopathogenic Fungi

3. Mechanisms of Microbial Control Agents Against Insect Pests

4. Future Prospects

4.1. Formulations Development Targeting the Soil-Dwelling Stage of Thrips

4.2. Evaluation of Compatibility With Other Biological Control Agents

4.3. Improving the Resistance of Fungal Strains

5. Conclusions

Funding

References

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