Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Notes on Contributors

Introduction: Mapping and Opening Up the Terrain

Conceptualizing Social Movements

A Conceptualization of Social Movements

Structure of the Volume

Notes

References

Part I Facilitative and Constraining Contexts and Conditions

Chapter 1 The Political Context of Social Movements

Introduction

Enduring Opportunities and Their Effects on Contention

Changes in Opportunity and the Ebb and Flow of Movements

Critiques and Extensions

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2 The Role of Threat in Collective Action

Introduction

Grievances and Threats

Political Opportunity and Threats

Resource Infrastructure and Threats

Structural Threats

Summary of Structural Forms of Threat

The Future of Threat Research

Notes

References

Chapter 3 The Cultural Context of Social Movements

Introduction

The Cultural Context of Newly Contentious Issues and Actors

The Cultural Contexts of Mobilization

The Cultural Context of Strategic Action

Conclusion: Culture in Context

References

Chapter 4 The Resource Context of Social Movements

Introduction

Resource Types

Mechanisms of Resource Access

Exchange Relationships and Source Constraints

Recent Utilization of Resource Mobilization

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 5 The Ecological and Spatial Contexts of Social Movements

Introduction

Spatial Ecology of Movement Mobilization

The Social Ecology of Movements

The Intersection between Spatial and Social Ecologies

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 6 Social Movements and Transnational Context: Institutions, Strategies, and Conflicts

Introduction

The Transnational: Genealogy, Definition, and Limitations

Multi‐Level Governance and Transnational Activism

Forms of Transnational Interaction

Effects

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7 Social Movements and Mass Media in a Global Context

Introduction

A Strategic Choice Model

Challenging the Status Quo in Open Systems

Engaging from the Shadows: Strategic Media Choices in Closed Systems

Conclusion

Note

References

Part II Social Movement Organizations, Fields, and Dynamics

Chapter 8 Networks and Fields

Introduction

From Structure to Action: How Networks Facilitate Collective Action

From Action to Structure: How Collective Action Produces Emerging Forms of Social Organization

Conclusion

Note

References

Chapter 9 Social Movement Organizations

Introduction

Resource Mobilization: Alive and Well

Beyond the SMO? How ICTs Are Transforming Organizing

SMOs and Field Theory

The Cultural Dynamics of Internal SMO Processes

Conclusion: New Directions in the Study of SMOs

References

Chapter 10 Bringing Leadership Back In

Introduction

Leadership Matters

Leadership and Social Movement Studies

Theorizing Leadership Practice: An Alternative Approach

Conclusion: New Directions for Social Movement Leadership Studies

Notes

References

Chapter 11 How Social Movements Interact with Organizations and Fields: Protest, Institutions, and Beyond

Introduction

Precursors of the Movement and Organizations Research

Contacts between Movement Theory and Organizational Analysis

Movements in Organizations and Movements Targeting Organizations

A First Synthesis: Movements as Political Process

A Second Synthesis: Fields and Resettlements

Beyond Field Theory

Expanding Field Theory and Political Process Models

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12 Infighting and Insurrection

Introduction

The Classical Tradition

The Conditional Tradition

The Causal Tradition

Conclusion

Note

References

Chapter 13 Diffusion Processes Within and Across Movements

Introduction

What Is Diffused?

What Are the Mechanisms of Diffusion?

Catalysts to the Diffusion Process

Cycles of Protest and Repertoires of Contention

What Is the Impact of Diffusion?

Outlook and Future Directions

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 14 Coalitions and the Organization of Collective Action

Introduction

Defining and Differentiating Coalitions

Coalition Emergence and Dynamics

Coalition Outcomes

Future Directions

Note

References

Part III Social Movement Strategies and Tactics

Chapter 15 Tactics and Strategic Action

Introduction

Repertoires of Contention

Tactics as Particular Events

An Actor‐Centered Approach

Strategic Action

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 16 Technology and Social Media

Introduction

It’s Here, It’s Digital, Get Used to It

Disciplinary Differences in Studying Digital Technologies and Protest

From Exotic to Mainstream: Major Findings

Continuing Debates and Theoretical Shifts

Conclusion

References

Chapter 17 Social Movements and Litigation

Introduction

What Is Social Movement Litigation?

How Have Social Movements Deployed Litigation Strategy?

The Turn to Law: Why Do Social Movement Groups Litigate?

What Impacts Does Movement Litigation Strategy Have?

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 18 Social Movements in Interaction with Political Parties

Introduction

Movements and Parties: Two Key Actors for Democratic Representation

Movement Versus Parties: Mutual Influence and Interdependence

Crises of Representation and the Emergence of New Parties

Broadening the Perspective: Transformations in Context

Acknowledgments

Note

References

Chapter 19 Nonviolent and Violent Trajectories in Social Movements

Introduction

Radicalization: Towards Strategies and Methods of Violent Contention

Demilitarization: From Armed to Unarmed Strategies and Methods

Interaction of Violent and Nonviolent Contention

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 20 Art and Social Movements

Introduction

Contention within Art Worlds

The Figure of the Committed Artist

Art as a Contentious Practice

Art as a Contentious Resource

Notes

References

Part IV Microstructural and Social‐Psychological Dimensions

Chapter 21 Individual Participation in Street Demonstrations

Introduction

Defining and Conceptualizing Street Demonstrations

Demand, Supply, and Mobilization

How to Study Participation in Demonstrations?

Conclusion

Note

References

Chapter 22 The Framing Perspective on Social Movements: Its Conceptual Roots and Architecture

Introduction

Conceptualizing Framing

Conceptual Architecture

Conclusion

References

Chapter 23 Emotions in Social Movements

Introduction

Emotions in Social Movements

Analyzing Emotions

Cognitive Social Science and Emotion

Future Directions

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 24 Collective Identity in Social Movements: Assessing the Limits of a Theoretical Framework

Introduction

What Is Collective Identity and Why Should Social Movement Scholars Care?

Is Collective Identity Found in Individuals, in the Collective, or Both?

Are Collective Identities Given or Constructed?

Melucci’s Comprehensive Framework

Collective Identity: Product, Process or Both?

Assessing the Conceptual Limits of the Concept of Collective Identity

Conclusion

Notes

References

Part V Consequences and Outcomes

Chapter 25 The Political Institutions, Processes, and Outcomes Movements Seek to Influence

Introduction

The Political Institutions, Processes, and Outcomes Movements Seek to Influence

Under Which Conditions Do Movements Matter in Politics?

Organization, protest, collective action and strategy

What Is Studied and How

Conclusion

References

Chapter 26 Economic Outcomes of Social Movements

Economic Outcomes of Social Movements Between State, Market, and Society

Attaining Government Regulation

Direct Interventions in Markets

Changing Market Rules and Practices in the Social Sphere

Conclusion

References

Chapter 27 The Cultural Outcomes of Social Movements

Social Movements as Producers of Culture

Cultural Analysis of Movement Outcomes: Performance, Ideation, and Artifact

Social Movements and Cultural Change: Conditions of Influence

Conclusion

References

Chapter 28 Biographical Consequences of Activism

Introduction

Short‐term Impacts

Durable Consequences

Cultural Change

Mapping the Field

Social Mechanisms at Play

What Next?

Notes

References

Part VI Thematic Intersections

Chapter 29 Social Class and Social Movements

Introduction

Class Grievances and Class Identities

Theorizing Class and Social Change

From Classes to Masses

Social Movement Theory and the Retreat from Class

Counting Contention: From Protests to Strikes

The “Death of Class” and Labor Movement Scholarship

Bridging Labor Scholarship and Social Movement Theory

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 30 Gender and Social Movements

Introduction

Tactics and Strategies

Organizations

Collective Identities

Opportunities and Constraints

Conclusion

References

Chapter 31 Race, Ethnicity, and Social Movements

Introduction

Race, Ethnicity, and Social Movement Theory

White Racist Mobilization

Racial Oppression and Participation in Social Movements

Identity Processes, Race, and Social Movements

Race and Social Movement Strategy and Tactics

State Repression and Social Movement Outcomes: The Racialized Consequences of Contention

Conclusion

References

Chapter 32 Bringing the Study of Religion and Social Movements Together: Toward an Analytically Productive Intersection

Introduction

Suggested Theoretical Intersections

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 33 Human Rights and Social Movements: From the Boomerang Pattern to a Sandwich Effect

Introduction

Key Insights in the Research on Human Rights and Social Movements

New Trends and Future Directions

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 34 Globalization and Social Movements

Introduction

Global Capitalism and Social Movements

Social Movements and Political Globalization

Global Social Movements and Culture

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 35 Political Extremism and Social Movements

Introduction

Conceptualizing Extremism

Mobilization

Organization and Networks

Context and Strategy

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 36 Nationalism, Nationalist Movements, and Social Movement Theory

Introduction

State‐Facilitated Nationalisms

State‐Destroying Nationalisms

National Liberation Movements

Party Nationalism in Democratic States

Labor Market Inequalities and Ethnic Competition

Conclusion: Nationalist Movements in the New Millennium

References

Chapter 37 War, Peace, and Social Movements

Introduction

The Sociology of War and Movements

Peace Movements

Conclusion

Note

References

Chapter 38 Authoritarian Regimes and Social Movements

Introduction

Understanding Authoritarianism and its Iterations

Variation in Regime Repression and Propensities for Violence

Variation in Institutional Access and Regime Responsiveness

Authoritarian Power‐Sharing, Elite Divisions, and Protest

Authoritarian Regimes and Transnational Dynamics of Contention

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 39 Revolution and Social Movements

Introduction

Origins of Revolutions and Social Movements

Processes of Mobilization

Elites as Pivots

States, Events, and Opportunity Structures

Dynamics of Repression and Radicalization

Outcomes

Conclusion: Paradoxes of Movement‐Revolution Convergence

References

Chapter 40 Terrorism and Social Movements

Introduction

Defining Terrorism and Terrorists

Radicalization of Individuals and Groups

Intensity and Targets of Violence

Organizational Expansion and Operational Diversification

Interactional Dynamic with Actors and Contexts

Conclusion

References

Index

EULA