Chapter
1. History and uses of fluorinated minerals
1.1. Fluoride crystals as gemstones substitutes
1.2. Fluorinated powders as "therapeutics"
1.3. Uses of fluorspar minerals as pigments
1.4. Uses of fluorspar as ornaments and in decoration items
1.5. Middle ages forgeries: Fossilized mastodon tusks sold as synthetic "turquoise"
2. Fluorine dating in archeology
2.1. Relative dating of bones and skeletal remains
2.1.1. The Piltdown hoax and the Tepexpan man
2.1.2. Early hominid remains
2.1.3. Earliest modern human skeletons in Japan and East Asia
2.1.4. Limits of the method
2.2. Dating archeological lithic artifacts by fluorine diffusion
2.2.1. Dating bronze-age arrowhead flintstones of Fort-Harrouard, France
2.2.2. Following trading routes in South Pacific islands using obsidian artifacts
3. The true nature of the Roman murrhine through a critical lecture of Pliny the Elder's "Naturalis Historia"
4. Georgius Agricola, the father of mineralogy and creator of the word "fluoride"
5. In search of the missing halogen, from the Renaissance to 1886
6. The isolation of fluorine on June 1886 by a pharmacist and chemist: Henri Moissan
7. Physical chemical characteristics of fluorine
8. Some breakthroughs in the development of fluorine and fluorinated products throughout the 20th century
8.1. The rapid growth of the aluminum industry
8.1.1. 1886, a great year for both fluorine and aluminum: The Hall-Héroult process
8.1.2. Improvement of the production process of aluminum by addition of fluorinated fluxes
8.1.2.1. Production processes
8.1.2.2. The anode effect and PFC formation
8.1.3. Application fields for aluminum
8.2. The rise and fall of CFC
8.2.1. A new type of "too perfect" refrigerants
8.2.2. Phasing out CFCs and HCFCs
8.2.2.1. Ozone depletion, the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols
8.3. The story of Teflon and fluoropolymers
8.3.1. The discovery of Teflon
8.3.2. Fluoropolymers: From military applications to hospital and kitchen uses
8.4. Fluorine, a decisive element in the nuclear cycle
8.4.1. The Manhattan project
8.4.2. Importance of fluoride materials in the nuclear cycle
Section 2: Fluorine, a key element for the 21st century
1. Advances in organic fluorine chemistry
1.1. Toward new functional molecules
1.1.1. The carbon-fluorine bond
1.2. Some examples of fluoro-organic chemistry
1.2.1. Electrophilic fluorination
1.2.2. Electrofluorination
1.2.3. Nucleophilic fluorination
1.2.5. Fluorinated building blocks
1.2.6. Fluorous chemistry
1.2.7. Click Chemistry of Sulfur Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx)
2. Advances in new fluorination routes, surface functionalization, and nanosized fluorocompounds
2.1. Frontiers in inorganic fluorine chemistry
2.1.1. Some routes to high oxidation states of transition elements
2.1.2. On new polynitrogen [N5]+ species
2.1.3. Looking for the "naked" fluoride ion
2.2. Fluorolytic sol-gel method to produce high surface area nanofluorides154154St. Rüdiger, G. Eltanany, U. Gross, E. Ke ...
2.2.1. Aluminium chlorofluoride as catalyst in CFC and HCFC test-reactions
2.2.2. Use of nanofluorides for various types of coatings
2.3. Nanoporous solids and organo-inorganic hybrid compounds
2.4. Functionalization of materials via surface fluorination
2.4.1. Surface modification of carbon-based materials for Li-battery electrodes
2.4.2. Functionalized silica and silicate minerals
2.4.3. Switchable hydrophobic-hydrophilic layer for lithographic printing
2.5. Improvements of polymer properties through fluorination
2.6. Fluoropolymers for the protection of our cultural heritage
2.6.1. Protection of the surface of the stones
2.6.2. Anti-graffiti systems
3. Industrial applications of fluoride minerals, gases, and inorganic fluorinated products
3.1. Applications of inorganic fluorinated products
3.2. Contributions of fluorinated products to energy problems
3.2.1. Diversity of fluorinated components in lithium-ion batteries
3.2.1.1. Primary Li-ion batteries
3.2.1.2. Secondary/reversible Li-ion batteries
3.2.1.3. Electrodes based on transition element fluorides
3.2.2. All-solid fluoride ion batteries
3.2.3. Polymer fuel cells
4. Uses of fluorides in photonics
4.1. Luminescence; up- and down-conversion
4.1.1. Optically active single-crystals of fluorides: the example of LiCaAlF6
4.2. Fluoro-glasses, (oxy)fluorinated glass-ceramics
4.3. Other uses in photonics: Non-linear optical fluorides, photochromic and holographic fluorocompounds, excimer KrF lasers
4.3.1. Bistable centers in semi-conducting fluorite crystals: media for real-time holography
4.3.2. Krypton fluoride lasers
4.4. Fluorinated components in photovoltaic systems
4.4.1. Transparent conducting films based on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)
4.4.2. Fluorinated components in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
4.4.3. Fluorinated photoelectrode in QDSSC (quantum dot-sensitized solar cell)
4.4.4. Fluoro co-polymers for membranes in DSSC systems
4.4.5. Fluorinated components in perovskite solar cells
5. Uses of fluorides in electronics and other modern technologies
5.1. New fluorinated carbon materials for electronics
5.2. Fluorinated organic compounds for molecular electronics
5.3. Recent uses of fluoro-copolymers
5.4. Fluorinated colored pigments and UV absorbers for solar protection
5.5. High TC superconductors obtained by insertion of fluorine into oxides and oxypnictides (La2CuO4, LaFeAsO, BiS2 layer ...
5.6. Magnetism and multiferroism in fluorides
5.6.1. Ferro- and ferrimagnetic fluorides
5.6.2. Other types of magnetic behaviors
5.6.2.1. Pd2F6 and MIIMIVF6 compounds as piezo-conductive species
5.6.3. Multiferroic fluoride materials
5.6.3.1. The BaMF4 series
5.6.3.2. The TTB fluorides series KxMxIIM5-xIIIF15
5.6.3.3. Other multiferroic ABF3 fluoroperovskites
6. Contributions of fluorinated products in medicine, pharmacy, and biotechnologies
6.1. Fluorinated products in biochemistry and medicinal chemistry
6.1.2. New 18F fluoride-based radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET imaging)
6.1.3. Fluorinated products for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
6.1.4. Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
6.2. Perfluorocarbons in medicinal technologies: Contrast agents, artificial blood, retinal surgery
6.2.1. Contrast agents in ultrasound or magnetic resonance technologies
6.2.2. PFCs as blood substitutes
6.2.3. PFCs as respiratory gas transport agent
6.2.4. PFCs in retinal surgery
6.3. Fluorinated compounds as bio-materials
6.3.1. Prophylactic effect of fluorine and fluorinated dental biomaterials
6.3.2. Bioceramics and fluorinated biomaterials
6.3.3. Fluorinated silicates in cosmetics
6.3.4. Fluorinated polymers in cardiovascular surgery
7. Plant protection products and insecticides
Section 3: Fluorinated compounds in our environment: Fluorine, friend or foe for humanity?
1. Genesis and cosmo-chemistry of fluorine
1.1. The discovery of fluorinated molecules in interstellar space
1.2. The enigma of the genesis of fluorine
1.3. First discovery of fluorine on Mars with ChemCam on-board MSL-curiosity
1.4. Presence of fluorine in Martian and lunar meteorites found on Earth
1.5. Determination of the residence time of meteorites on Antarctica surface through ion beam analyses
2. Fluorine and our atmosphere
2.1. The fragile balance of our planet
2.1.1. Stratospheric phenomena
2.1.2. Tropospheric phenomena
2.2. The total fluoride cycle: Evaluation of average fluorine levels in our environment
2.2.1. The global cycle of fluorine
2.2.2. Assessing the rates of fluorine present in our environment
2.2.2.1. Evaluation of the fluorine content in air
2.2.2.2. Evaluation of the fluorine content in seawater
2.2.2.3. Fluorine content in freshwaters
2.2.2.4. Fluorine in rocks and various types of soils
2.3. The various fluorinated gases: Halocarbons, perfluorocarbons, SF6
2.3.1. Environmental impact
2.3.2. HFCs and fluorinated ethers as substitutes for CFCs and HCFCs
2.3.4. Sulfur hexafluoride
2.4. Control and limitation of emissions of fluorinated gases in relation to the risks of climate change
2.4.1. Control of emissions of fluorinated gases
2.4.2. Control and limitation of fluorinated greenhouse gases (GHG)
2.4.3. Contribution of fluorinated greenhouse gases to radiative forcing
2.4.4. What substitutes for CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs?
3. Fluorine and the lithosphere
3.1. Natural fluorinated compounds present in our environment and the various sources of fluorine
3.1.1. Discovery of fluorine gas (F2) on earth
3.1.2. The fluorinated minerals
3.1.2.1. Main families of fluorinated minerals
3.1.2.2. Recovery of byproducts of mineral fluoride industries
3.1.2.2. Recovery of byproducts of mineral fluoride industries
3.1.3. The case of perfluorinated compounds of geological origin
3.1.4. Fluorinated organic molecules present in plants
3.2. Emissions of fluorinated gases of volcanic origin
3.2.1. Risks associated with volcanic eruptions with halide/fluoride emissions
3.2.2. Two examples of volcanoes emitting gas and fluorinated solids
3.2.2.1. Recent eruptions of Hekla (Iceland)
3.2.2.2. Emission of fluorine at Erebus volcano (Antarctica)
3.3. Emissions of anthropogenic origin
3.3.1. Example of the ceramic industries
3.3.1.1. Manufacturing processes
3.3.1.2. Monitoring and purification system
3.3.2. Processes involving coal
3.3.2.1. Domestic coal heating
3.3.2.2. Coal-based thermal power plants
3.3.2.3. Technologies allowing a reduction of fluorine emissions in coal-fired power plants
3.3.3. Aluminum industry and overall assessment of the greenhouse effect
3.3.3.1. Life cycle assessment of aluminum
3.3.3.2. Impact of the aluminum industry on PFC emissions
3.4. Fluorine in the water cycle
3.4.1. Hydrochemistry of fluorine in groundwater
3.4.2. Fluorine content of groundwater
3.4.3. Influence of hydro-climatic conditions in countries with high risk of fluorosis
4. Fluorine, friend or foe for human health?
4.1. Levels of fluorine in food
4.2. International standards for drinking water and water fluoridation
4.3. Importance of fluoride in oral health
4.4. Possible use of fluorinated salts in the treatment of osteoporosis
4.5. Bioassimilation of fluoride in humans and animals
5. Contamination and physiological effects of fluoride on living organisms
5.1. Water contamination and fluorosis
5.2. Food contamination by tea bricks
5.3. Environmental contamination
5.4. Industrial and domestic contamination: Example of the use of coal
5.5. The ban of persistent organic pollutants (POP): The case of PFOS and PFOA
6. Improving the quality of drinking water by defluoridation
6.1. Precipitation processes
6.2. Adsorption and ion exchange processes
Conclusions: What future for fluorine and fluorine products?
Books on fluorine chemistry and fluoride products (2000-2018)
Acronyms and definitions quoted in the text
Fluorine
：A Paradoxical Element
( Volume 5 )
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