Front Cover

Applied Microbiology and Bioengineering: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

About the Editor

Author Introduction

Preface

Section I Enzymes in Bioprocessing

Chapter 1 Microbial Tyrosinases: A Novel Enzyme, Structural Features, and Applications

1 Introduction

2 Mechanism of Tyrosinase Action

3 Potential Applications of Tyrosinase

3.1 Tyrosinase in Browning Reactions

3.2 Tyrosinase in Resistance to Stress and Defense Against Pathogen

3.3 Tyrosinase in Bioremediation

3.4 Tyrosinase as Biosensor

3.5 Tyrosinase in Biosynthetic Processes

3.5.1 l -DOPA Production

4 Microbial Tyrosinases

5 Characteristics of Microbial Tyrosinases

5.1 Structural and Active Site Characteristics Features of Microbial Tyrosinase

5.2 Molecular Characteristics of Microbial Tyrosinase

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2 Production of Bioethanol From Sugarcane Bagasse: Current Approaches and Perspectives

1 Introduction

2 Sugarcane Bagasse

3 Various Microorganisms Degrading Bagasse

4 Pretreatment of Bagasse

4.1 Mechanical Comminution

4.2 Pyrolysis

4.3 Steam Pretreatment or Steam Explosion

4.4 Acid Pretreatment

4.5 Alkaline Pretreatment

4.6 Thermal Pretreatment

4.7 Biological Pretreatment

4.8 Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Explosion Pretreatment

4.9 Wet Oxidation Pretreatment

4.10 Ozonolysis Pretreatment

4.11 Organosolvent Pretreatment

5 Cellulose Hydrolysis

6 Detoxification

7 Ethanol Production by Fermentation

8 Application of Bagasse in the Production of Other Value-Added Products

9 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interest

References

Further Reading

Chapter 3 Improvement of the Amino-Sugar-1-Phosphate Acetyltransferase Activity of the Archaeal Bifunctional Protein

1 Introduction

2 Identification of the ST0452 Protein and Its Sugar-1-P NTase Activity

3 Characterization of the amSugar-1-P AcTase Activity of the ST0452 Protein

4 Characterization by Introduction of Substitution Mutations

5 Characterization via C-Terminal Truncation

6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4 Recent Bio-Processing Technologies for Value Added Horticultural Products

1 Introduction

2 Horticultural Produce and Postharvest Losses

3 Scope and Applications of Bio-Processing

4 Quality of Processed Products

5 Conclusion

References

Section II Human Health, Microbial Physiology and Biomedical Applications

Chapter 5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Potential Probiotic: Strategies for Isolation and Selection

1 Introduction

2 Screening and Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2.1 Isolation and Characterization

2.1.1 Sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2.1.2 Medium Preparation

2.1.3 Isolation

2.1.4 Determination of Sugar Assimilation Property

2.1.5 Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis

2.2 In Vitro Studies to Determine the Probiotic Characteristics

2.2.1 Antibacterial and Antifungal Drug Sensitivity

2.2.2 Antagonistic Activity Against Human Pathogens

2.2.3 Co-Culture Activity of Probiotics With Normal Intestinal Flora

2.2.4 Stress Tolerance

2.2.5 Determination of Pathogenicity

2.2.6 Adhesion Assay

2.3 Screening for Imunostimulating Properties

2.3.1 Antioxidant Property

2.3.2 Anticancer Properties

2.3.3 Total Glutathione

2.3.4 Free Radical Scavenging Property of Probiotics

2.3.5 Nitric Oxide Scavenging Property of Probiotic Yeast

2.3.6 Hydroxyl Scavenging Property of Probiotic Yeast

2.3.7 Fe2+ Chelating Property of Probiotic Yeast

2.3.8 Splenocyte Proliferation Activity

2.4 Advanced Technologies for Selection of Probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2.4.1 RT-PCR

2.4.2 RT-qPCR

2.4.3 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

2.4.4 Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

3 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6 Ecological and Biotechnological Aspects of Methylobacterium mesophilicum

1 Introduction

2 General Aspects of Methylobacterium mesophilicum

2.1 Methylobacterium mesophilicum Associated With Plants

3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 7 Smart Actuators for Innovative Biomedical Applications: An Interactive Overview

1 Introduction

2 Smart Actuators

2.1 Ionic EAP

2.2 Electronic EAP

3 CNT (Carbon Nano Tube) Based Sensors

4 Enzyme-Based Biosensor

5 Integrated Biosensors

6 Implantable Biosensors

6.1 Operating Principle of Implantable Biosensors

6.2 Applications of Smart Implanted Biosensor

7 Smart Textile Biosensor

7.1 Applications of Smart Textile Biosensors

8 Surface Plasmon Resonance

8.1 Principle of Surface Plasmon Resonance

8.2 Working of Surface Plasmon Resonance

8.3 Application of Surface Plasmon Resonance

9 Applications of Smart Actuators in Biomedical Field

9.1 Drug-Delivery Management Using Smart Micropump

9.2 Smart Microrobot Arm for Handling of Small Samples

9.3 Stepper Motor Actuator for Biomedical Applications Using Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite

9.4 Microvalves for Controlled Direction and Delivery of Fluid

10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8 Recent Developments and Future Prospects of Natural and Synthetic Antitubercular Peptide Drugs

1 Introduction

2 Computational and Experimental Approaches to Design Peptide Libraries

2.1.1 In Vitro Techniques

2.1.2 In Silico Techniques: TOOLS, Databases and Webservers for in Silico Design, Screening and Selection of Antimicrobia ...

3 Types of Peptides and Their Classification

3.1 Natural Antitubercular Peptides

3.1.1 Antimycobacterial Peptides Derived From Human Cells

3.1.2 Antimycobacterial Peptides Derived From Microbes and Other Natural Sources

3.2 Synthetic/Bioengineered Antitubercular Peptides

4 Case Studies on Antitubercular Peptides

5 Applications and Current Developments

6 Challenges, Limitations and Solutions

7 Future Directions

8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section III Bioprocess Development

Chapter 9 Design and Development of Antibiotic Fermentation Using Different Processing Strategies: Challenges and Perspectives

1 The Genesis of Penicillin

2 Penicillin as β-Lactam: Products and Derivatives

3 Production Strategies for Penicillin

3.1 The Challenges of β-Lactam Antibiotics

4 Cephalosporins

4.1 Production Strategies for Cephalosporins

5 Structural Modifications for Improvement in β-Lactam Antibiotics

6 Antimicrobial Peptides

7 Anti-MRSA Daptomycin Production

8 Production Strategies for Daptomycin

9 Cofactor(s) Manipulation and Utilization

9.1 Precursor and Their Utilization

10 Significance of Fed Batch Strategy

11 Metabolic Flux Analysis Model

12 Morphological Modifications and Immobilization Strategy

13 Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 10 Current Perspectives and Future Strategies for Fructooligosaccharides Production Through Membrane Bioreactor

1 Introduction

1.1 Market Value of Oligosaccharides

1.2 Human Gut Microbiota and Oligosaccharides

1.3 Enzymatic Production of Oligosaccharides

2 Fructooligosaccharide

3 Production of FOS

3.1 Fructosyltransferase

3.2 β - d -Fructofuranosidase

3.3 Enzymatic Production of FOS

3.4 Whole-Cell Synthesis of FOS

3.5 Immobilized Biocatalysis (Membrane-Based Bioreactor)

4 Purification of FOS

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Conflict of Interest

References

Chapter 11 Effectual Bioprocess Development for Protein Production

1 Introduction

2 Industrial Hosts Used for Protein Production

2.1 E. coli

2.2 Yeast/Fungi

2.3 Mammalian Cells

2.4 Insect Cells

3 Bioprocess Technologies

3.1 Conventional Technologies

3.1.1 Cell-Support Systems

3.2 Modern Technologies

3.2.1 Process Analytical Technology

3.2.2 Scale-Out Technology

3.3 Types of Bioreactors for Modern Technologies

3.3.1 Wavy Bioreactor

3.3.2 Rocker Bioreactor

3.3.3 Pneumatic Bioreactor

3.3.4 Ready-to-Use Technologies

3.4 Use of High Throughput Process Devices

3.4.1 Software

3.4.2 Multivariate Analysis

3.4.3 Sensors

3.4.4 Data Storage

3.4.5 Single-Use Technology

3.5 Continuous Processing

3.6 Approaches to Economical Production

4 Future Perspective

Acknowledgment

Conflict of Interest

References

Chapter 12 Microalgae: A Way Forward Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment and Bio-Fuel Production

1 Introduction

2 Wastewater Treatment With Microalgae and Subsequent Biodiesel Production

3 Microalgae Harvesting Techniques for Efficient Biofuel Production

4 Summary

References

Index

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