Chapter
2.1.3.3. Volcanic Edifice Characteristics
2.1.4.1. Volcanic Massif Concepts
2.1.4.2. Volcanic Massif Category
2.1.4.3. Volcanic Massif Characteristics
2.1.5.1. Volcanic Facies Concepts
2.1.5.2. Volcanic facies category
2.1.5.3. Volcanic Lithofacies Patterns
2.1.5.4. Characteristics of Volcanic Lithofacies
2.1.6. Volcanic Storage and Seepage Unit
2.1.6.1. Concepts of Storage and Seepage Unit
2.1.6.2. Storage and Seepage Unit Category
2.1.6.3. The S-S Unit Characteristics
2.2. Volcanic Stratigraphic Sequence
2.2.1. Volcanic Stratigraphic Sequence and Hierarchy Classification Concepts
2.2.1.1. Volcanic Stratigraphic Sequence Concepts
2.2.1.2. Hierarchical Classification of Volcanic Stratigraphic Sequence
2.2.2. Volcanic Eruption Cycles
2.2.2.1. Geological Characteristics and Well Log Response
2.2.2.2. Seismic Response Characteristics
2.2.3. Volcanic Eruption Periods
2.2.3.1. Geological Characteristics and Well-Logging Response
2.2.3.2. Seismic Response Characteristics
2.2.4. Volcanic Eruption Rhythms
2.2.4.1. Geological Characteristics and Well-Logging Response
2.2.4.2. Seismic Response Characteristics
2.2.5. Condensation Units
2.3. Volcanic Stratigraphic Sequence Correlation and Layer Series Classification
2.3.1. Methods of Volcanic Stratigraphic Sequence Correlation
2.3.1.1. Volcanic Cycle Correlation
2.3.1.2. Layer Group Correlation
2.3.2. Volcanic Layer Series Classification
2.3.2.1. Volcanic Layer Series Concepts
2.3.2.2. Classification Principle of Volcanic Layer Series
2.3.2.3. Volcanic Layer Series Classification
Chapter 3: Volcanic Reservoir Mode
3.1. Types of Volcanic Reservoir and the Definitions of Reservoir Mode
3.1.1. The Definitions and Characteristics of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.1.1.1. The Definition of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.1.1.2. The Characteristics of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.1.2. The Classification and the Characteristics of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.1.2.1. The Classification of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.1.2.2. The Characteristics of Different Types of Volcanic Reservoir
3.1.3. Concepts of Volcanic Reservoir Mode
3.2. Volcanic Reservoirs Evolution Mode
3.2.1. Primary Pores and Fractures Developing Mechanism
3.2.1.2. Intergranular-Pore
3.2.1.3. Condensation and Shrinkage Fracture
3.2.1.4. Blasting Fracture
3.2.2. Losing Mechanism of Primary Pores and Fractures
3.2.2.1. Cementation and Filling of Magma
3.2.2.2. Welding Effect of Plastic Clasts
3.2.2.3. Cementation and Filling Effect of Hypergenic Minerals
3.2.2.4. Compaction of Overlying Strata
3.2.2.5. Metasomatism and Recrystallization of Secondary Minerals
3.2.3. Secondary Pores and Fracture-Developing Mechanism
3.2.3.1. Dissolution Pore
3.2.3.2. Devitrification Pore
3.2.3.3. Structural Fracture
3.2.3.4. Weathering Fracture
3.2.4. Preservation Mechanism of Pores and Fractures in Volcanic Rocks
3.2.4.1. Compaction Resistivity of Rocks and Its Influencing Factors
3.2.4.2. Compaction Resistivity of Volcanic Rocks and Reservation Ability of Primary Pores and Fractures
3.2.5. Diagenesis Evolution Mode of Different Reservoir Types
3.2.5.1. Evolution Mode of Vesicular Reservoir
3.2.5.2. Evolution Mode of Intergranular-Pore Reservoirs
3.2.5.3. Evolution Mode of Dissolution-Pore Reservoirs
3.2.5.4. Evolution Mode of Fracture-Type Reservoirs
3.2.5.5. Evolution Mode of Mixed-Pore Reservoir
3.3. Distribution Mode of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.3.1. Spatial Distribution Mode of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.3.1.1. Vertical Distribution Mode
3.3.1.2. Horizontal Distribution Mode
3.3.1.3. Spatial Distribution Mode
3.3.2. Volcanic Reservoirs Continuity
3.3.2.1. Volcanic Reservoir Continuity Concept
3.3.2.2. Influencing Factors of Continuity in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.3.2.3. Volcanic Reservoir Continuity Mode
3.3.3. Volcanic Reservoir Connectivity
3.3.3.1. Volcanic Reservoirs Connectivity Concept
3.3.3.2. Influencing Factors of Volcanic Reservoir Connectivity
3.3.3.3. Volcanic Reservoirs Connectivity Mode
3.3.3.4. Characterization of Connectivity in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4. Storage and Seepage Mode of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.1. Storage Space in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.1.1. Storage Space Characteristics in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.1.2. Storage Space Classification in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.1.3. Storage Space Classification in Volcanic Rocks
3.4.2. Flowing Pathways in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.2.1. The Characteristics of Flowing Pathways in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.2.2. The Classification of Flowing Pathways in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.2.3. Characteristics of Flowing Pathways in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.3. Storage-Seepage Patterns of Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.3.1. The Storage-Seepage Patterns Classification in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.4.3.2. The Characteristics of Storage-Seepage Patterns in Volcanic Reservoirs
3.5. Characteristics of Effective Volcanic Reservoirs
3.5.1. Concepts of Effective Volcanic Reservoirs and Their Evaluation Methods
3.5.1.1. Concept of Effective Volcanic Reservoirs
3.5.1.2. Evaluation Methods of Effective Reservoirs in Volcanic Rocks
3.5.2. Lower Limits of Effective Reservoirs in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
3.5.2.1. Industrial Airflow Standards Under Economic Limits
3.5.2.2. Lower Standards of Physical Properties and Gas-Bearing Conditions
3.5.2.3. Lower Standards of Pore Structure
3.5.2.4. Lower Standards of Electrical Attributes
3.5.2.5. Lower Standards of Effective Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
3.5.3. Classification Evaluation of Effective Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
3.5.3.1. Classification Standard of Effective Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
3.5.3.2. Economic Benefits From Gas Reservoir Development of Different Types
Chapter 4: Volcanic Gas Reservoir Characteristics and Models
4.1. Volcanic Gas Reservoir Classification and Characteristics
4.1.1. Classification and Characteristics of Reservoir Genesis
4.1.1.1. In Situ Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.1.2. Heterotopic Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.1.3. Compound Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.2. Classification and Characteristics of Trap Patterns
4.1.2.1. Structural Trap Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.2.2. Internal Structural Trap Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.2.3. Lithologic Trap Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.2.4. Compound Trap Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.3. Reservoir Quality Classification and Characteristics
4.1.3.1. Efficient Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.3.2. Inefficient Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.3.3. Tight Volcanic Gas Reservoir
4.1.4. Fluid Properties Classification and Characteristics
4.1.4.1. CO2-Bearing Gas Volcanic Reservoir
4.1.4.2. Gas Condensate Volcanic Reservoir
4.1.4.3. Dry Gas Volcanic Reservoir
4.2. Structural Features and Structure Models in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.2.1. Volcanic Gas Reservoir Structural Features
4.2.1.1. Volcanic Eruption-Cyclicity Structure
4.2.1.2. Volcanic Edifice Structure
4.2.1.3. Volcanic Rock Structure
4.2.2. Volcanic Gas Reservoir Structure Models
4.3. Internal Structural Features and Framework Models in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.3.1. Internal Structural Features in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.3.1.1. Volcanic Eruption-Cyclicity Framework
4.3.1.2. Volcanic Edifice Framework
4.3.1.3. Volcanic Massif Framework
4.3.1.4. Volcanic Lithofacies Framework
4.3.1.5. Storage-Seepage Unit Framework
4.3.2. Volcanic Gas Reservoir Framework Model
4.3.2.1. Framework Model of Volcanic Eruption-Cyclicity, Edifice and Massif
4.3.2.2. Lithofacies Framework Model in Volcanic Rocks
4.3.2.3. Storage-Seepage Unit Framework Model in Volcanic Rocks
4.4. Storage-Seepage Features and Property Models in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.4.1. Storage-Seepage Features in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.4.1.1. Media Classification in Volcanic Reservoirs
4.4.1.2. Storage-Seepage Features in Multimedia
4.4.2. Volcanic Gas Reservoir Property Models
4.4.2.1. Matrix Property Model
4.4.2.2. Fracture Property Model
4.5. Gas-Water Distribution and Fluid Model in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.5.1. Gas-Water Distribution Pattern and Features
4.5.1.1. Controlling Factors on Gas-Water Distribution
4.5.1.2. Gas-Water Distribution Pattern
4.5.2. Fluid Composition and Distribution in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.5.3. Fluid Distribution Model in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
4.5.3.1. Gas-Water Distribution Model
4.5.3.2. Fluid Constituent Model
4.5.3.3. Matrix Gas Saturation Model
4.5.3.4. Fracture Gas Saturation Model
4.6. Applications of Volcanic Gas Reservoir Models
Chapter 5: Flowing Mechanism and Development Performance in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
5.1.1. Throat Radius Lower Limit for Fluid-Flowing
5.1.1.1. The Throat Radius Lower Limit Definition
5.1.1.2. Determining Methods for the Throat Radius Lower Limit
5.1.2. Effective Pore Volume
5.1.2.1. The Definition of Effective Pore Volume
5.1.2.2. Determining Methods of Effective Pore Volume
5.1.2.3. Effective Pore Volume Characteristics
5.1.3. Movable Fluid Volume in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
5.1.3.1. The Movable Fluid Volume Definition
5.1.3.2. The Determining Methods of Movable Fluid Volume
5.1.3.3. Movable Fluid Volume Characteristics
5.2. Nonlinear Flowing Mechanism
5.2.1. Flow Phase and Flowing Mechanism in Various Pore-Fracture Media
5.2.1.1. Pore-Fracture Medium Classification
5.2.1.2. Flow Phase and Flowing Mechanism
5.2.2. Characteristics of Stress Sensitivity and Its Influence on Flowing
5.2.2.1. Effective Stress Principle
5.2.2.2. Experimental Methods of Stress Sensitivity
5.2.2.3. Variation Rule of Physical Properties Under Stress-Sensitivity Effect
5.2.3. Multimedium Gas Supply Mechanism
5.2.3.1. High and Stable Production Stage
5.2.3.2. Production Declining Stage
5.2.3.3. Low and Stable Production Stage
5.3. Volcanic Gas Reservoir Development Performance
5.3.1. Gas-Well Production Performance in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
5.3.1.1. Gas-Well Production Performance Under Different Storage-Seepage Modes
5.3.1.2. Production Performance of Different Types of Gas Well
5.3.1.3. Performance Law of Different Gas Wells at Various Production Stages
5.3.2. The Changing Law of Well-Controlled Dynamic Reserves in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
5.3.2.1. Changing Law of Well-Controlled Reserves in Low-Permeability Low-Efficiency Reservoirs
5.3.2.2. Changing Law of Well-Controlled Reserves in Reservoirs With Multimedia
5.3.2.3. Changing Law of Well-Controlled Reserves in Tight Reservoirs With Low Permeability
5.3.2.4. Edge-Bottom Water Influence on Well-Controlled Reserves
5.3.3. Water Production Law of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
5.3.3.1. Water Production Type and Law in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
5.3.3.2. Production Mechanism and Dynamic Law of Edge-Bottom Water
Chapter 6: Development Dynamic Description and Forecast Model of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
6.1. Flowing Mechanisms and Basic Mathematical Models
6.1.1. Mathematical Model of High-Velocity Non-Darcy Flow
6.1.2. Mathematical Model of Darcy Flow
6.1.3. Mathematical Model of Low-Velocity Non-Darcy Flow
6.1.3.1. Mathematical Model of Slippage Effect
6.1.3.2. Mathematical Model of Threshold Pressure Effect
6.1.4. Mathematical Model of Stress Sensitivity
6.2. Dynamic Description Models and Methods
6.2.1. Dynamic Description Models
6.2.1.1. Single-Medium Model
6.2.1.2. Dual-medium model
6.2.1.3. Composite Formation Model
6.2.2. Solution Methods of Dynamic Description Models in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
6.2.2.1. Determination of Model Parameters
6.2.2.2. Recognition of Medium Type and Flowing Mechanism
6.2.2.3. Selection of Dynamic Description Models
6.2.2.5. Determination of Dynamic Parameters
6.3. Productivity Forecasting Models and Methods
6.3.1. Productivity Forecasting Models
6.3.1.1. Productivity Forecasting Model of Single-Medium
6.3.1.2. Productivity Forecasting Model of Dual-Porosity and Single-Permeability Reservoirs
6.3.1.3. Productivity Forecasting Model of Dual-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Horizontal Wells
6.3.2. Solution Methods of Productivity Forecasting Models
6.3.3. Sensitivity Analysis of Productivity Forecasting Models
6.3.3.1. Effect of Slippage on Well Productivity
6.3.3.2. Effect of Threshold Pressure on Well Productivity
6.3.3.3. Effect of Stress Sensitivity on Well Productivity
6.3.3.4. Interaction of Slippage Effect, Threshold Pressure, and Stress Sensitivity on Well Productivity
6.4. Numerical Simulation Models and Methods of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
6.4.1. Numerical Simulation Models of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
6.4.1.1. Flowing Mathematical Model of Quadruple-Media
6.4.1.2. Flowing Mathematical Model of Triple-Medium
6.4.1.3. Flowing Mathematical Models of Dual-Media
6.4.1.4. Flowing Mathematical Models of Single-Medium
6.4.1.5. Auxiliary Mathematical Models of Nonlinear Flowing
6.4.2. Numerical Simulation Model Solution of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
6.4.2.1. Self-Adaptive Modeling
6.4.2.2. Self-Adaptive Solution
Chapter 7: Volcanic Gas Reservoir Development Technologies
7.1. Effective Reservoir Prediction and Well-Location Optimization Technology
7.1.1. Effective Volcanic Gas Reservoir Identification Technology
7.1.1.1. Lithology Identification Technology
7.1.1.2. Pore, Cavity, and Fracture Identification Technology
7.1.1.3. Gas-Water Layer Identification Technology
7.1.1.4. Reservoir Parameter-Interpretation Technology
7.1.1.5. Synthetic Interpretation Technology for Effective Reservoirs
7.1.2. Prediction Technologies of Effective Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.1.2.1. Dissection Technology of Volcanic Architecture
7.1.2.2. Lithology Prediction Technology in Volcanic Reservoirs
7.1.2.3. Prediction of Fractures in Volcanic Reservoirs
7.1.2.4. Classification Prediction of Effective Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.1.3. Well-Site Optimization Technology in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.1.3.1. Well-Site Optimization Principle at Different Developing Stages
7.1.3.2. Well-Site Optimization Technology for Test Wells
7.1.3.3. Well-Site Optimization Technology for Development Wells
7.2. Technologies for Improving Single-Well Production
7.2.1. Technologies for Improving Single-Well Productivity by Horizontal Wells
7.2.1.1. Advantages of Developing Volcanic Gas Reservoirs by Horizontal Wells
7.2.1.2. Types of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs Suitable for Horizontal Wells
7.2.1.3. Geologic Design for Horizontal Wells in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.2.1.4. Optimal Design of Horizontal Well Parameters
7.2.2. Technologies for Improving Single-Well Productivity by Fracturing Reformation
7.2.2.1. Difficulties in Fracturing Transformation and Technologies for Improving Single-Well Productivity
7.2.2.2. Optimizing Fracturing Methods in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.2.2.3. Optimization of Fracturing Scale in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.2.2.4. Optimization of Fracturing Parameters in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.2.2.5. Effects of Fracturing Reformation in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.3. Productivity Evaluation and Optimized Production Allocation Technology of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.3.1. Productivity Evaluation Technology of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.3.1.1. Productivity Test Methods for Gas Test and Pilot Production
7.3.1.2. Productivity Evaluation for Gas Test
7.3.1.3. Pilot Production Evaluation
7.3.2. Productivity Prediction Technology in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.3.2.1. Conventional Productivity Prediction Methods
7.3.2.2. Productivity Prediction Techniques Based on Flowing Model
7.3.3. Optimization Production Allocation Technology of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.3.3.1. Production Allocation Patterns and Principles
7.3.3.2. Production Allocation Methods Under the Pattern of Stable Single-Well Production and Well Block Production
7.3.3.3. Single-Well Production Allocation Under the Pattern of ``High Production of Individual Well and Inter-Well Relay ...
7.3.3.4. Production Optimization of Gas Reservoirs
7.4. Dynamic Description Techniques in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.4.1. Dynamic Description Techniques of Reservoir Parameters in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.4.1.1. Curve Shape of Different Media and Features of Dynamic Reservoir Parameters
7.4.1.2. Influence of Complex Boundaries on Curve Shape and Dynamic Parameters
7.4.1.3. Influence of Different Mechanisms on Curve Shape and Dynamic Parameters
7.4.2. Evaluation Technology of Gas-Well Dynamic Reserves in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.4.2.1. Dynamic Well-Controlled Reserve Evaluation of High-Efficiency Reservoirs
7.4.2.2. Well-Controlled Reserve Evaluation for Low-Efficiency Gas Reservoirs
7.4.3. Well-Controlled Reserve Evaluation of Tight Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.5. Numerical Simulation Technology of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.5.1. Establishment of Numerical Simulation Model
7.5.1.1. Establishment of Geological Model
7.5.1.2. Division of Plane Grid and Simulation Layers
7.5.1.3. Selection of Flowing Model
7.5.1.4. Establishment of Fluid Model
7.5.1.5. Model Initialization
7.5.2. History Matching of Production Performance
7.5.2.1. Reserve Matching
7.5.2.2. Production Matching
7.5.2.3. Pressure Matching
7.5.2.4. Water Saturation and Water Breakthrough Time Matching
7.5.3. Development Mechanism Analysis
7.5.3.1. Effect of High-Speed Nonlinear Flow on the Development Index
7.5.3.2. Effect of Slippage on Development Index
7.5.3.3. Effect of Stress Sensitivity on Development Index
7.5.3.4. Effect of Multimedia Relay Gas Supply on Development Index
7.5.4. Optimization of Development Strategies
7.5.5. Development Performance Simulation and Index Forecasting
7.6. Optimization of Development Modes and Strategies for Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.6.1. Development Modes of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.6.1.1. Classification of Gas Reservoirs
7.6.1.2. Development modes
7.6.2. Optimization of Development Strategies in Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
7.6.2.1. Well Pattern and Spacing Optimization Technology
7.6.2.2. Determination of abandoned formation pressure
7.6.2.3. Gas Recovery Rate Optimization
7.6.2.4. Determination of Stable Production Period
7.6.2.5. Recovery Degree of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
Chapter 8: Development Practices of Volcanic Gas Fields
8.1. Types and Development Procedures of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
8.1.1. Types of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
8.1.2. Development Procedures of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs in China
8.1.2.1. Initial Evaluation
8.1.2.2. Conceptual Development Design
8.1.2.3. Gas Testing and Pilot Production
8.1.2.4. Pilot Development Test
8.1.2.5. Development Plan Preparation
8.1.2.6. Production Capacity Construction
8.1.2.7. Development Adjustment
8.2. Development of the CC/YT Volcanic Gas Fields
8.2.1. Development of High-Quality Volcanic Gas Reservoirs in the CC Gas Field
8.2.1.1. Major Geological Characteristics
8.2.1.2. Development Modes and Strategies
8.2.1.3. Development Performance of Gas Reservoirs
8.2.2. Development of Tight Volcanic Gas Reservoirs in the YT Gas Field
8.2.2.1. Main Geological Characteristics
8.2.2.2. Development Modes and Strategies
8.2.2.3. Development Performance
8.3. Development of the SS/XX Volcanic Gas Fields
8.3.1. Development of High-Quality Volcanic Gas Reservoirs in the SS2-1
8.3.1.1. Major Geological Characteristics
8.3.1.2. Development Modes and Strategies
8.3.1.3. Development Performance
8.3.2. Development of Low-Quality Volcanic Gas Reservoirs in the XX1
8.3.2.1. Major Geological Characteristics
8.3.2.2. Development Modes and Strategies
8.3.2.3. Development Performance
8.4. Development of the DD Volcanic Gas Fields
8.4.1. Development of High-Quality Volcanic Gas Reservoir in the DD18
8.4.1.1. Main Geological Characteristics
8.4.1.2. Development Modes and Strategies
8.4.1.3. Development Performance
8.4.2. Development of Low-Quality Volcanic Gas Reservoir in the DD14
8.4.2.1. Major Geologic Characteristics
8.4.2.2. Development Modes and Strategies
8.4.2.3. Development Performance
8.5. Development of Volcanic Gas Fields in Japan
8.5.1. Development of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs in the Higashi-Kashiwazaki Gas Field
8.5.1.1. Main Geological Characteristics
8.5.1.2. Development Performance
8.5.2. Development of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs in the Southern Nagaoka Gas Field
8.5.2.1. Main Geological Characteristics
8.5.2.2. Development Mode and Production System
8.5.2.3. Production Performance
Development of Volcanic Gas Reservoirs
：The Theory, Key Technologies and Practice of Hydrocarbon Development
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