Chapter
1.2.1. Electrochemical Sensor
1.2.2. Amperometric Sensor
1.2.3. Potentiometric Sensor
1.2.4. Conductometric Sensor
1.2.7. Piezoelectric Sensor
1.3. Detection of Biological Molecules
1.3.1. Detection of Glucose
1.3.2. Pathogenic Detection by Biosensor
1.3.2.1. Viral Detections
1.3.2.1.1. Biomarkers for Human Papillomavirus
1.3.2.1.2. Biomarkers for Influenza Virus
1.3.2.1.3. Biomarkers for the Dengue Virus
1.3.2.2. Bacteria Detection
1.3.2.3. Cancer Detection
1.4. High-Performance Sensing
1.5. Validation of Biosensors by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Chapter 2: Physical Surface Modification on the Biosensing Surface
2.2. Biomolecule Recognition Elements
2.4. Requirements of Biosensors
2.5. Surface Modification
2.5.1. Metal Nanostructures
2.5.3. Carbon Nanostructures
2.5.3.2. Carbon Nanotubes
2.5.4.5. Other Metal Oxides
Chapter 3: Functionalization on Sensing Surfaces for Efficient Biomolecular Capturing
3.2. Nanotechnology in Functionalization
3.2.2. Nanomaterials for Functionalization
3.3. Polymers in Functionalization
3.3.1. Conducting Polymers
3.3.4. Polymethacrylate Materials
3.4. Aptamers in Functionalization
3.4.2. Liposomal Aptamers Versus Biotin
3.4.3. Aptamers in DNA Detection
3.5. Functionalization in Optical Sensing
3.5.1. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
3.5.4. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
3.6. Functionalization in Electrochemical Sensing
3.7. Functionalization in Physical Sensing
3.7.1. Micromechanical Oscillators
3.7.3. Quartz Crystal Microbalance
3.7.4. Piezoelectric Resonators
3.8. Carbon Materials in Functionalization
3.8.1. Diamond in Functionalization
3.8.2. Graphene in Functionalization
3.9. Functionalization of Silicon (Si) Surface
3.10. Trend and Future Scope of Functionalization
Chapter 4: Nucleic Acid Complementation Analysis on Biosensors
4.3. Applications of Biosensors
4.3.1. Food Processing, Monitoring, and Authenticity
4.3.2. Fermentation Processes
4.3.3. Technology for Sustainable Food Safety
4.3.5. Fluorescent Biosensors
4.3.6. Biodefense Biosensing Applications
4.3.7. Metabolic Engineering
4.4. Experimental Procedure
4.4.1. Preparation of SiO2
4.4.2. Fabrication and Characteristics
4.4.3. DNA Immobilization
4.5. Results and Discussion
Chapter 5: Recognition of Bacterial DNA on SAW-Based Biosensors
5.2. Acoustic-Based Sensors
5.2.1. Bulk Acoustic Wave
5.2.2. Surface Acoustic Wave-Based Devices
5.2.4. Comparison of Acoustic-Based Sensors' Sensitivity
5.3. Methodology of Producing Nano Structure Waveguide SHSAW (Love Wave) Biosensor
5.4. Functionalization SiO2 Nanoparticles Thin Layer Waveguide Surface for DNA Detection
5.5. Analytical Performance of SiO2 Nanoparticles Waveguide Biosensor
Chapter 6: A Disposable Biosensor Based on Antibody-Antigen Interaction for Tungro Disease Detection
6.2.1. Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Fabrication
6.3. Development of Electrochemical System
6.4. Immobilization of Antibodies in Polypyrrole
6.4.1. Preparation of Conjugated Gold Nano Particles With Antibodies
6.4.2. Immobilization of Antibody Colloid Gold Conjugate in Polypyrrole (PPy)
6.5. Electrochemical Characterization of Screen Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE)
6.5.1. General Procedure for Electrochemical Analysis of Immunosensors for the Tungro Disease Approach
6.5.2. Chronoamperometry Analysis of TMB/H2O2/IgG-HRP on Bare SPCE for Potential Selection
6.6. Calibration Curve of Tungro Disease Immunosensor
6.7. Cross-Reactivity Study Using Different Antigen Parameters
6.7.1. Surface Analysis of Morphology Structure for the Immobilization Process onto SPCE
6.8. Result and Discussion
6.8.1. Rabbit Polyclonal Antibodies Labeling With Peroxidase
6.8.2. Characterizations Study Using Chronoamperometry
6.8.2.1. Chronoamperometry Analysis of TMB/H2O2/IgG-HRP on Bare SPCE for Potential Selection
6.9. Cross-Reactivity Studies
6.9.1. Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis of the Working Electrode Surface of SPCE
Chapter 7: Antibody-Mediated Diagnosis of Biomolecules
7.2.1. Interaction Between Biomolecules and Antibodies
7.3. Material Substrate Use in Biosensing Applications
7.4. Metal Substrates for Biosensing
7.5. Polymeric Substrate for Biosensing
7.5.1. Conducting Polymers
7.5.2. Electroluminescence
7.5.4. Polymeric Hydrogels
7.5.5. Polymers in Optical Biosensing
7.6. Hybrid Substrate for Biosensing
7.7. Miscellaneous Substrate for Biosensing
Chapter 8: Biosensor Recognizes the Receptor Molecules
8.2. Why Use Nanotechnology?
8.4. Bioreceptor Molecules
8.4.1. Enzyme-Based Recognition
8.4.2. Antibody-Based Recognition
8.4.4. Nucleic Acid-Based Recognition
8.5. Nucleic Acid Biosensor-Based
8.6. Biosensor Development Considerations
8.7.1. Conventional Transducers
8.7.2. Optical Transducers
8.7.3. Piezoelectric Transducer
8.7.4. Conductimetry Transducers
8.8. Future Prospects of Biosensors
Chapter 9: Nanoelectronics in Biosensing Applications
9.2. Neutralizer Displacement and Micro-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
9.5. Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) Sensor
9.6. Field Effect Transistor-Based Biosensor
9.7. Microfluidic-Delivery on Electronic Sensors
9.8. Enhancing the Performance of Nanoelectronic Sensors
Chapter 10: Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Advancements Toward Bio-Molecular Targeting
10.1. Zinc Oxides’ Thin Film Deposition and Growth Techniques
10.1.2. Hydrothermal Method
10.2. Gold Nanoparticles’ Properties and Application
10.3. Interdigitated Electrodes
10.4. Zinc Oxides for Nanobiosensors
10.4.1. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
10.4.1.1. Randles Equivalent Circuits and Nyquist and Bode Plots
10.5. DNA/Nucleic Acid Biosensor
Chapter 11: Electrospun Nanofibers for Biosensing Applications
11.2. Electrospinning Mechanism
11.3. Electrospinning Parameters
11.3.1. Effect of Applied Voltage
11.3.2. Effect of Solution Flow Rate
11.3.3. Effect of Solution Concentration and Solution Viscosity
11.3.4. Effect of Solution Conductivity
11.3.5. Effect of Solvent Volatility
11.3.6. Effect of Ambient Parameters
11.3.7. Effect of Needle to Collector Distance
11.4. Rationale of Using Nanofibers for Biosensing Applications
11.4.1. Selective and Sensitive Nanofibrous Biosensors
11.4.2. Conductive Nanofibrous Biosensors
11.4.3. Nanofibrous Biosensor Electrodes
11.4.4. Nanofibrous Membranes for Biosensors
Chapter 12: Carbon Dots as Optical Nanoprobes for Biosensors
12.2. CDs as Biosensor Receptors
12.2.1. Fluorescence Properties and Characteristics
12.2.2. Preparation of CDs
12.2.3. Isolation and Fragmentation
12.2.4. Physiochemical Properties and Their Effect Within the Environment
12.2.5. Biocompatibility and Toxicology
12.3. Design and Modification of CDs for Biosensors
12.3.1. Simple Passivation (Thermal/Acid)
12.3.2. Specific Surface Modification (Molecules/Biomolecule)
12.3.3. Doping of Heteroatoms
12.3.4. Optical Tuning During Synthesis
12.3.5. Matrix Blended (Immobilization/MIPs)
12.4. Typical Optical Sensing Mechanism
12.4.1. ``Turn-Off´´ Strategy
12.4.2. ``Turn-Off-On´´ Strategy
12.5. Practical Utilization of CDs in Biosensors
12.6. Summary and Outlook
Chapter 13: Formaldehyde Biosensors in Foodstuffs Applying Nano Gold Entrapped in p-HEMA Deposited on Screen-Printed Carbo ...
13.1. Formaldehyde Biosensor
13.1.2. Formaldehyde Biosensors
13.1.2.1. Formaldehyde Biosensors in Water
13.1.2.2. Formaldehyde Sensor in Air/Gas
13.1.2.3. Formaldehyde Biosensors in Foodstuffs
13.2. Nano Gold Particles in Biosensor
13.2.1. Nano Particle Entrapment
13.2.2. Nano Gold Entrapment
13.3. Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes in Biosensor
13.3.1. Immobilization Media
13.3.2. Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes
13.5. Future Perspectives