Front Cover

Applications of Targeted Nano Drugs and Delivery Systems

Applications of Targeted Nano Drugsand Delivery Systems

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Foreword

1 - Nanotherapeutics and Nanobiotechnology

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ADVANTAGES

3. FABRICATION CHALLENGES

4. APPLICATIONS OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

5. TOXICITY OF THE NANOCARRIER SYSTEMS

6. RECENT PATENTS

7. CHALLENGES FOR NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

8. ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

9. REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

10. FUTURE PROSPECTS

11. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

2 - Application and Perspective of pH-Responsive Nano Drug Delivery Systems

1. INTRODUCTION

2. POLYMER-DRUG CONJUGATES

3. NANOPARTICLES

4. NANOGELS

5. DENDRIMERS

6. NIOSOMES

7. LIPOSOMES

8. MISCELLANEOUS NANOCARRIERS

9. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

3 - Mechanism for Development of Nanobased Drug Delivery System

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NANOMATERIALS IN DRUG DELIVERY

1.1.1 Nanocapsules

1.1.2 Polymeric Micelles

1.1.3 Nanogels

1.1.4 Nanofibers

1.1.5 Nanospheres

1.1.6 Dendrimers

1.1.7 Liposomes

2. MECHANISMS FOR SYNTHESIS OF NANOBASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

2.1 THIN FILM HYDRATION METHOD

2.2 SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD

2.3 EMULSIONS- DIFFUSION METHOD

2.4 DOUBLE EMULSION AND EVAPORATION METHOD

2.5 SOLVENT DISPLACEMENT/PRECIPITATION METHOD

2.6 SALTING OUT METHOD

2.7 EMULSION POLYMERIZATION TECHNIQUE

2.8 MINI-EMULSION POLYMERIZATION

2.9 MICROEMULSION POLYMERIZATION

2.10 INTERFACIAL POLYMERIZATION

2.11 CONTROLLED/LIVING RADICAL POLYMERIZATION

2.12 DIALYSIS

2.13 SOLVENT INJECTION METHOD

2.13.1 Ethanol Injection Method

2.13.2 Ether Injection Method

2.14 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY

2.14.1 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution

2.14.2 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution Into Liquid Solvent

2.15 METHODS FOR SYNTHESIS OF DENDRIMERS

2.15.1 Divergent Method

2.15.2 Convergent Method

2.15.3 Double Exponential and Mixed Method

3. MECHANISM OF DRUG TARGETING

3.1 PASSIVE TARGETING

3.2 ACTIVE TARGETING

4. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

4 - Nanobased Nano Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HOW TO DESIGN NANOBASED DRUG DELIVERY

3. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION FOR NANOBASED DRUG DELIVERY

4. TYPES OF NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

4.1 DENDRIMERS

4.1.1 Types of Dendrimers

4.1.2 Dendrimer Preparation Method

4.1.3 Click Chemistry

4.1.4 Mechanism of Drug Delivery Through Dendrimers

4.2 NANOSUSPENSIONS

4.3 NANOEMULSION

4.4 NANOCRYSTALS

4.5 CARBON NANOMATERIALS

4.6 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

5. CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

6. ADVANTAGES OF NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

7. DISADVANTAGES OF NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

8. RECENT PATENTS IN NANO DRUG DELIVERY

9. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR NANO DRUG DELIVERY

REFERENCES

5 - Recent Advances in Development of Nano Drug Delivery

1. INTRODUCTION

2. RECENT ADVANCES IN NANO DRUG DELIVERY

2.1 LIPID-BASED NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

2.1.1 Liposomes

2.1.2 Lipid-Based Micelles

2.1.3 Lipid Nanoparticles

2.2 POLYMERIC NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

2.2.1 Dendrimers

2.2.2 Polymeric Micelles

2.2.3 Polymer Drug Conjugate

2.2.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles

2.3 SILICA-BASED NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

2.3.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

2.4 CARBON-BASED NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

2.5 METAL-BASED NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

3. NANOFORMULATIONS: FDA APPROVED AND IN RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS

4. CHALLENGES OF NANO DRUG DELIVERY

5. SAFETY ISSUES

6. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

REFERENCES

6 - Thermoresponsive Drug Delivery Systems, Characterization and Application

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CHARACTERIZATION

2.1 PHASE DIAGRAM

2.2 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

3. THERMORESPONSIVE POLYMERS

3.1 POLY(N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE) AND DERIVATIVES

3.2 POLY(N-VINYLISOBUTYRAMIDE) AND DERIVATIVES

3.3 POLY(OXYETHYLENE VINYL ETHER)

3.4 CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES

4. DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

4.1 LIPOSOMES

4.2 HYDROGELS

4.2.1 Thermoresponsive Nanogels

4.2.2 Hydrogel-Coated Metal Nanoparticles

4.2.3 Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composites

4.3 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES

4.4 NANOFIBERS

4.5 POLYMERIC MICELLES

4.6 ELASTIN-LIKE PEPTIDE–DRUG CONJUGATES

5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

REFERENCES

7 - Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Are Suitable Vehicles for Drug Delivery

1. OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE

2. STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIALS AND THEIR FUNCTIONALITY

3. PHYSICOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIALS AND THEIR FUNCTIONALITY

4. BROAD CLASSIFICATION AND ITS FUNCTIONALITY

5. BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIALS IN BIOSYSTEM

6. FACTORS AFFECTING DISPERSIBILITY OF GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIALS

7. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GRAPHENE, GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIALS, AND CELL/CELL MEMBRANE

8. MODIFICATIONS TO BE BROUGHT IN GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE BASED MATERIALS TO ENABLE THEM TO BE USED AS DRUG CARRIERS

9. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

8 - Combination Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DRUG DELIVERY AND THERAPEUTIC NANOVECTORS

2.1 LIPOSOMES

2.2 NANOGELS AND POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES

2.3 METAL-BASED NANOVECTORS

2.4 SILICON AND SILICA NANOPARTICLES

2.5 DENDRIMERS

3. NANOSENSITIZERS

3.1 PHOTOSENSITIZERS

3.2 SONOSENSITIZERS

3.3 RADIOSENSITIZERS

4. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

9 - Nanotechnology Toward Treating Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

1. INTRODUCTION

2. NANOCARRIERS FOR DRUG DELIVERY

3. DOES THE SIZE MATTER?

4. PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TARGETING STRATEGIES

4.1 PASSIVE TARGETING

4.2 AIMING AT A TARGET: ACTIVE DRUG TARGETING

5. MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE

6. EXAMPLES OF NANOMEDICINES FOR CANCER APPROVED BY FDA AND THOSE UNDERGOING CLINICAL TRIALS [41] (TABLE 9.1)

6.1 DOXIL (LIPOSOMAL DOXORUBICIN)

6.2 THERMODOX

6.3 DAUNOXOME (LIPOSOMAL DAUNORUBICIN)

7. LIPOSOMAL DAUNORUBICIN AND CYTARABINE COMBINATION (VYXEOS)

8. ABRAXANE (ALBUMIN-BOUND PACLITAXEL, PACLITAXEL PROTEIN BOUND)

9. ENDOTAG-1

9.1 LIPOPLATIN (LIPOSOMAL CISPLATIN)

10. LIPOSOMAL VINCRISTINE (MARQIBO, ONCOTCS)

11. VINORELBINE

11.1 LIPOSOMAL CYTARABINE (DEPOCYT)

12. LIPOSOMAL ANNAMYCIN

12.1 ONCASPAR (ASPARAGINASE)

12.2 CAMPTOTHECINES

12.3 LIPOSOMAL TRETINOIN (ATRA/ATRAGEN/LIPO ATRA)

13. GOLD NANOPARTICLES

14. SIRNA DELIVERY

15. MEPACT (LIPOSOMAL MIFAMURTIDE)

16. CERAMIDE DELIVERY VIA NANOLIPOSOMES

17. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

10 - Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: Focus on Gold Nanoparticles and Drugs

1. INTRODUCTION

2. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES

2.1 POLYMER-BASED NANOPARTICLES

2.2 DENDRIMERS

2.3 LIPID-BASED NANOPARTICLES

2.4 PROTEIN NANOPARTICLES

2.5 INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES

2.5.1 Ceramic Nanoparticles

2.5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles

2.5.3 Carbon Nanoparticles

2.5.4 Gold Nanoparticles

3. AUNPS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

3.1 BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND BIODISTRIBUTION

3.2 APPLICATIONS OF AUNPS (SINGLE SYSTEMS)

3.2.1 Drug Delivery

3.2.2 Gene Therapy

3.2.3 Photothermal Therapy

3.2.4 Radiotherapy

3.2.5 Imaging

3.3 APPLICATIONS OF AUNPS (COMBINED SYSTEMS)

3.3.1 (Nano)Theranostics

3.3.2 Combined Therapies

4. HOW FAR FROM CLINICAL TRANSLATION?

5. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

FURTHER READING

11 - Trends in Nanotechnology for Practical Applications

1. INTRODUCTION

2. NANOPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

3. ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICULATE DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS

4. MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES FOR NANOPARTICULATE DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS

4.1 INTERFACIAL POLYMERIZATION OF ALKYLCYANOACRYLATE MONOMERS

4.2 INTERFACIAL DEPOSITION OF PERFORMED POLYMERS

5. NANOPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

5.1 NANOPARTICULATE SYSTEM FOR CANCER

5.2 OCULAR APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

5.3 NANOPARTICULATE SYSTEM FOR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

5.4 NANOMATERIALS AS GENE THERAPY

5.5 NANOMATERIALS FOR TREATMENT OF VASCULAR THROMBOSIS

6. NANOMATERIALS AS TARGETED DELIVERY

6.1 SKIN

6.2 NANOMATERIALS AS PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES

6.3 PULMONARY SYSTEM

6.4 NANOMATERIALS AS ENZYMES FOR DRUG DELIVERY

6.5 NANOMATERIALS AS MUCOADHESIVES

7. RISKS OF NANOPARTICLES

8. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

12 - Antiviral and Antimicrobial (Antibacterial) Potentiality of Nano Drugs

1. NANOPARTICLES AS PROMISING RESEARCH

2. METALLIC NANOPARTICLES

2.1 SILVER NANOPARTICLES

2.2 GOLD NANOPARTICLES

3. ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES

3.1 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES

3.2 SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES

3.3 LIPOSOMES

3.4 NANOEMULSIONS

4. MICELLES

5. DENDRIMERS

6. OTHER NANOCARRIERS

7. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

13 - Antiviral and Antimicrobial Potentiality of Nano Drugs

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CARBON-BASED NANOPARTICLES

2.1 CARBON NANOTUBE NANOPARTICLES

2.2 FULLERENE NANOPARTICLES

2.3 GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

3. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLES

3.1 SILVER NANOPARTICLES

3.2 ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

3.3 ALUMINIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

4. POLYMERIC CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES

5. ANTIVIRAL PROPERTY OF SOME METALLIC NANOPARTICLES

6. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

14 - Nanotechnology in Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

1. INTRODUCTION

2. NANOCARRIERS

2.1 LIPOSOMES

2.2 POLYMERIC NANOCARRIERS

2.3 MICELLES

2.4 DENDRIMERS

2.5 HYDROGELS

2.6 METALLIC NANOCARRIERS

2.7 QUANTUM DOTS

2.8 CERAMIC-BASED NANOCARRIERS

2.9 CARBON-BASED NANOCARRIERS

2.10 EXOSOMES

2.11 VIRUS-BASED NANOCARRIERS

3. TARGETING

3.1 PASSIVE TARGETING

3.1.1 Nanocarrier Size

3.1.2 Nanocarrier Shape

3.1.3 Nanocarrier Surface Characteristics

3.2 ACTIVE TARGETING

3.2.1 Antibody-Based Targeting

3.2.2 Aptamer-Based Targeting

3.2.3 Protein-Based Targeting

3.2.4 Peptide-Based Targeting

3.2.5 Small Molecules

3.2.5.1 Vitamins

3.2.5.2 Carbohydrates

3.3 MOIETIES CONJUGATION STRATEGIES

3.3.1 Noncovalent Conjugation Strategies

3.3.2 Covalent Conjugation Strategies

3.3.2.1 Amide Groups

3.3.2.2 Thiol Groups

3.3.2.3 Aldehyde Groups

3.3.3 Click Chemistry

4. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

15 - Engineering Nanomaterials for Smart Drug Release: Recent Advances and Challenges

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ENGINEERING NANO DRUG SYSTEMS

3. ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FOR SMART DRUG DELIVERY

4. REPORTS ON NANOMATERIALS FOR SMART DRUG DELIVERY

4.1 POLYMERIC MATERIALS

4.2 POLYKETALS

4.3 NANOGELS

4.4 DENDRIMERS AND HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS

4.5 CHITOSAN AND LECITHIN

4.6 LIPOSOMES AND NIOSOMES

4.7 MICELLES

4.8 SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES

4.9 NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS

4.10 NANOEMULSIONS

4.11 LIPID NANOCAPSULES

4.12 PROTEIN ALBUMIN NANOPARTICLES

4.13 GOLD NANOPARTICLES

4.14 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

4.15 CERAMIC NANOPARTICLES

4.16 NANOSHELLS

4.17 APTAMER-NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATES

4.18 NANOSUSPENSIONS AND NANOCRYSTALS

4.19 CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES

4.19.1 Carbon Nanotubes

4.19.2 Carbon Nanohorns

4.19.3 Nanodiamonds

5. TOXICITY OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

6. IN AUTHORS LABORATORY: A CASE STUDY OF NANO DRUG FORMULATION OF AMPHOTERICIN B AGAINST LEISHMANIASIS

6.1 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO-AMPHOTERICIN B

6.2 ANTI-LEISHMANIAL ACTIVITY OF CONVENTIONAL- AND NANO-AB

7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

REFERENCES

16 - Nano Drugs for Curing Malaria: The Plausibility

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIA PARASITE

3. CONVENTIONAL MALARIA CHEMOTHERAPY

4. DRUG TARGETING AND DELIVERY

4.1 NANO DRUG TARGETING IN MALARIA TREATMENT

5. LIPOSOMES

5.1 NANOEMULSION

5.2 SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES

5.3 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES

5.4 NANOSUSPENSION

5.5 METALLIC NANOPARTICLES

5.6 DENDRIMERS

5.7 SELF-ASSEMBLING PROTEIN NANOPARTICLES

6. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

17 - Nanoparticles Mediated Gene Knockout Through miRNA Replacement: Recent Progress and Challenges

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

2.1 GENE KNOCKOUT STRATEGIES

2.2 MIRNA AS A TOOL FOR REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

2.3 MIRNA REPLACEMENT THERAPY

3. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES USED IN MIRNA REPLACEMENT THERAPY

3.1 POLYMER-BASED NANOCARRIERS

3.2 LIPID-BASED NANOCARRIERS

3.3 METAL/META-OXIDE NANOCARRIERS

3.4 OTHER NUCLEIC ACID/PROTEIN BASED NANOCARRIERS

4. IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE AGAINST NANOCARRIERS AND MIRNA

5. CHALLENGES OF NANOCARRIERS-BASED DELIVERY OF MIRNA

6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

18 - Transdermal and Intravenous Nano Drug Delivery Systems: Present and Future

1. INTRODUCTION

2. RATIONALE OF TDDS

2.1 WHY AND WHEN IS TDDS IMPORTANT?

3. ROUTE OF DRUG ABSORPTION: SKIN

3.1 FACTORS INFLUENCING NANO DRUG TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY (TABLE 18.2.)

3.1.1 Particle Size and Shape

3.1.2 Zeta Potential

3.1.3 Size Distribution

3.1.4 Skin Surface Properties

4. SKIN PERMEATION ENHANCEMENT

4.1 PHYSICAL PENETRATION ENHANCEMENT

4.2 STRUCTURE-BASED PERMEATION ENHANCEMENT

4.2.1 Microneedles

4.2.2 Microneedle Modalities

4.3 ELECTRICAL-BASED PERMEATION ENHANCEMENT

4.3.1 Iontophoresis

4.3.2 Electroporation

4.3.3 Sonophoresis

4.3.4 Magnetophoresis

4.3.5 Laser Ablation

4.3.6 Photomechanical Waves

4.4 VELOCITY-BASED PERMEATION ENHANCEMENT

4.4.1 Jet Injectors

5. INTRAVENOUS ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

5.1 NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY: INTRAVENOUS ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

5.1.1 Hemolysis

5.1.2 Thrombosis

5.1.3 Complement Activation

5.1.4 Opsonization

6. NANOCARRIERS FOR TRANSDERMAL AND INTRAVENOUS APPLICATION

6.1 METALLIC NANOPARTICLES

6.2 VESICULAR SYSTEMS

6.2.1 Liposomes

6.2.2 Transferosomes

6.2.3 Niosomes

6.2.4 Ethosomes

6.3 LIPID NANOPARTICLES

6.4 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES

6.5 MICROEMULSIONS

6.6 DENDRIMERS

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

19 - Nanobased Intravenous and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF CONSTITUENTS OF NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

2.1 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

2.2 ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

2.3 HYBRID CONSTITUENTS

3. INTRAVENOUS NANO DDS

4. NANOFORMS IN DDS

4.1 NANOPARTICLES

4.2 NANOGELS

4.3 NANOFIBERS

4.4 MICELLES

4.5 LIPOSOMES

4.6 DENDRIMERS

5. NANO TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

5.1 NANOPARTICLES

5.2 NANOGELS

5.3 NANOFIBERS

5.4 DENDRIMERS

5.5 LIPOSOMES

5.6 MICELLES

6. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF NANO DDS

6.1 NANOPARTICLES

6.1.1 From Monomers

6.1.1.1 Emulsion Polymerization

6.1.1.2 Interfacial Polymerization (Condensation Polymerization)

6.1.2 From Preformed Polymers

6.1.2.1 Desolvation

6.1.2.2 Emulsification

6.1.2.2.1 Solvent Evaporation

6.1.2.2.2 Solvent Diffusion

6.1.2.2.3 Salting Out

6.1.2.3 Drying Processes

6.1.2.4 Ionotropic Gelation

6.2 DENDRIMERS

6.2.1 Divergent Growth Method

6.2.2 Convergent Growth Method

6.3 NANOFIBERS

6.4 NANOGELS

7. CHARACTERIZATIONS

8. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

20 - Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine

1. INTRODUCTION

2. METHODS FOR LOADING DRUGS/BIOMOLECULES THROUGH ELECTROSPINNING

3. MECHANISM OF DELIVERY

4. POLYMER PROPERTIES

5. STIMULI-RESPONSIVE POLYMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY

6. DRUG RELEASE USING ELECTROSPUN FIBERS

6.1 DELIVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS

6.2 DELIVERY OF ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS

6.3 DELIVERY OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS

6.4 DELIVERY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS

6.5 DELIVERY OF OTHER DRUGS

7. BIOMOLECULES AND DRUG DELIVERY FOR REGENERATIVE TISSUE ENGINEERING

7.1 WOUND TISSUE ENGINEERING

7.2 BONE REGENERATIVE TISSUE ENGINEERING

7.3 NEURAL REGENERATIVE TISSUE ENGINEERING

7.4 HEART AND VASCULAR TISSUE ENGINEERING

7.5 OTHER TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF DRUG/BIOMOLECULE-LOADED ESM

8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

REFERENCES

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

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