Chapter
1.3.2.2 Enzymes Involved in Polychlorinated Biphenyls Degradation
1.3.2.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls Catabolic Genes
1.3.3 Biodiversity of Biphenyl Compounds Degrading Microbes
1.4 New Developments on Microbes Proficient in Enhanced Biodegradation
1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
2 Genetics and Molecular Biology of Genes Encoding Cephalosporin Biosynthesis in Microbes
2.2 Cephalosporin: The First Stable β-Lactam
2.2.1 Genetics of Cephalosporin Biosynthesis
2.2.2 Cephalosporin Biosynthesis: Organization and Expression Pattern
2.2.3 Molecular Biology of A. chrysogenum
2.3 Advantages of Cephalosporin
2.4 Cephalosporin: Classification and Generations
2.4.1 Cephalosporin: First Generation
2.4.2 Cephalosporin: Second Generation
2.4.3 Cephalosporin: Third Generation
2.4.4 Cephalosporin: Fourth Generation
2.4.5 Cephalosporin: Fifth Generation
2.5 Cephalosporin: Mechanism of Action
2.6 Resistance to Cephalosporin
3 Disruption of Protease Genes in Microbes for Production of Heterologous Proteins
3.2 Molecular and Biotechnological Aspects of Microbial Proteases
3.3 Biodiversity of Heterologous Proteins Producing Microbes
3.4 Problems Associated With Proteases and Approaches to Tackle These Problems
3.4.1 Disruption of Interfering Protease Genes
3.4.2 Classical Mutagenesis
3.4.3 Optimizing the Media Composition
3.5 Microbes as Cell Factory for Foreign Proteins
3.5.2.3 Lactococcus lactis
3.5.2.5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
3.5.2.7 Filamentous fungi
3.6 Strategies for Improving Heterologous Protein Production
3.6.1 Basic Requirements for Expression of Heterologous Proteins
3.6.1.3 Increase in Copy Number
3.6.1.4 Site-Specific Recombination
3.6.1.5 Aspects of Secretory Expression
3.6.2 Host Strain Development
3.6.2.1 Auxotrophic Strains
3.6.2.2 Glyco-Engineered Strains
3.6.2.3 Protease-Deficient Strains
3.6.3 Molecular Strategies for Heterologous Protein Production
3.6.3.1 Gene-Fusions Strategies
3.6.3.2 Overproduction of Foldases and Chaperones
3.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
4 Function Profiling of Microbial Community
4.2 Method to Study Functional Analysis
4.2.1 Metagenomic Analysis
4.2.1.1 Predicted Functional Analysis
4.2.1.2 Function-Based Analysis
Phenotypic Detection of the Novel Gene
Heterologous Complementation of Host Strains or Mutant
Substrate Induced Gene Expression
4.2.2 Metatranscriptomic Analysis
4.2.3 Metaproteomics Analysis
5 Enhanced Resistance to Fungal Pathogens Through Selective Utilization of Useful Microbial Genes
6 Differential Expression of the Microbial β-1,4-Xylanase, and β-1,4-Endoglucanase Genes
6.1.3 β-1,4-Endoglucanase
6.1.4 β-1,4-Endoglucanase Family
6.2 Mechanism of β-1,4-Xylanase and β-1,4-Endoglucanase Action
6.2.1 Genes Encoding β-1,4-Xylanases
6.2.2 Genes Encoding β-1,4-Endoglucanase
6.3 Expression Studies of β-1,4-Xylanases and Their Properties
6.3.1 Expression and Characterization of β-1,4-Endoglucanases
6.3.2 Regulation of β-1,4-Xylanase and β-1,4-Endoglucanase Gene Expression
7 Profile of Secondary Metabolite Gene Cluster in Microbe
7.2 Antibiotic Resistance Engineering
7.3 Entire Gene Clusters’ Heterogeneous Expression
7.4 Genome Mining of Secondary Metabolite Producers on a Platform
7.5 Microbial Communication: An Inducer of Silent Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters
7.6 The Interaction of Fungi With Bacteria
7.7 Rifampin Resistance (rpoB) Mutations in Actinomycetes for Biosynthetic Gene Clusters
8 Production of Recombinant Microbial Thermostable Lipases
8.2 Characteristics of Thermostable Lipases
8.3 Sources and Biotechnological Application of Thermostable Lipases
8.4.2 Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications
8.4.3 Pulp and Paper Industry
8.4.4 Organic Synthesis and Oleochemical Industry
8.4.5 Mitigation of Ecological Pollution
8.5 Expression of Thermostable Lipases
8.5.1 Prokaryotic Systems for the Expression of Thermostable Lipases
8.5.2 Strategies for the Expression of Thermostable Lipases in Prokaryotic Systems
8.5.3 Eukaryotic Systems for the Expression of Thermostable Lipases
8.6 Conclusions: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
9 Isolation of Cellulase Genes From Thermophilies: A Novel Approach Toward New Gene Discovery
9.2 Discoveries of Cellulase Genes and its Expression
9.3 Approaches Toward Isolation of Cellulase Genes
9.3.1 Conventional Approach
9.3.2 Genomic DNA Library
9.3.2.1 Advatntages and Disadvantages
9.3.3 Metagenomic DNA Library
9.3.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
9.3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
9.3.4 Bioinformatics Approach
9.3.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
10 Microbial Genes Involved in Interaction With Plants
10.1.1 Biological Nitrogen Fixation (Positive Interaction)
10.1.1.1 Mechanism of Nitrogen Fixation and nif Genes
10.1.1.2 Working of Enzyme Nitrogenase
10.1.1.3 Other Genes Involved in Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation
10.1.2 Microbial Interaction With Plants and Pathogenesis (Negative Interaction)
10.1.2.1 Horizontal Transmission of T-DNA Genes
10.1.2.2 Mechanism of Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Model for Plant–Bacterium Interactions and Coevolution Based on Hrp Deliver...
11 Virulence Factors and Their Associated Genes in Microbes
11.2 Virulence Factors and Genes in Fungal Pathogens
11.2.1 Role of Genes in Degradation of Host Structure and Metabolism
11.2.1.1 Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs)
11.2.1.3 Lipids as Fungal Virulence Factors
11.2.2.1 Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins (G-Proteins)
11.2.2.2 cAMP Signaling Pathways
11.2.2.3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
11.2.3 Genes Responsible for Virulence
11.3 Virulence Factors Genes in Bacteria
11.3.1 Virulence Factors and Genes in Bacterial Pathogens
11.3.1.1 Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS)
11.3.1.2 Motility and Virulence
11.3.1.3 Quorum Sensing (QS)
11.3.1.4 Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs)
11.3.1.6 Secretion System
Type I Secretion System (T1SS)
Type II Secretion System (T2SS)
Type III Secretion System
Type IV Secretion System (T4SS)
11.3.2 Regulation of Virulence Factors
11.3.2.2 Two-Component Systems
11.4 Virulence Factor Genes in Viruses
12 Modulation of Gene Expression by Microsatellites in Microbes
12.2 Classification of Microsatellites
12.3 Origin of Microsatellites
12.4 Distribution of Microsatellites
12.5 Microsatellite Instability (MSI) Phenomenon
12.6 Functional Significance of Microsatellites
12.7 Microsatellites in Gene Expression
12.8 Microsatellites in Evolutionary Studies
12.9 Microsatellites in Bacterial Pathogenesis
12.10 Role of Microsatellites in Adaptation
13 Polyketide and Its Derivatives
13.2 Polyketide Synthesis
14 Synthetic Biology Strategy for Microbial Cellulases: An Overview
14.2 Significance of Cellulases in Biofuels Production
14.3 Fungal Microorganisms for Cellulase Production
14.4 Bacterial Microorganisms for Cellulase Production
14.5 Role of Synthetic Biology to Improve Cellulase Systems
14.5.1 Expression Systems in Fungi to Produce Cellulase Enzymes
14.5.1.1 Role of RNA Interference for Fungal Cellulase Production
14.5.2 Yeast Expression Systems for Cellulase Production
14.5.3 Expression Systems in Bacteria for Cellulase Production Analysis
New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering
：Microbial Genes Biochemistry and Applications
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