Chapter
Introduction: The human condition is structurally unequal
International anti-poverty policies
Anti-poverty policies in rich countries
Anti-poverty policies in poor countries
Future anti-poverty policies: national and international
1. Poverty, social exclusion and social polarisation: the need to construct an international welfare state
Building on international agreement
A personal history of social polarisation
Conclusion: the invention of the international welfare state
2. Is rising income inequality inevitable? A critique of the‘Transatlantic Consensus’
Rising inequality and the ‘Transatlantic Consensus’
An alternative approach to explaining earnings inequality
Can redistribution offset market inequality?
3. The international measurement of poverty and anti-poverty policies
International anti-poverty policies
European Union anti-poverty policies
Implications for poverty measurement
Absolute and overall poverty
The measurement of poverty by international agencies
Poverty measurement in the European Union
Producing meaningful and internationally comparable poverty statistics
International measurement of standard of living (deprivation)
4. Social policy in the US: workfare and the American low-wage labour market
Welfare: its beginning and evolution
The beginning of ‘reform’
The success debate: what are TANF’s outcomes?
Purported successes and the necessity of close examination
Critiquing TANF’s success: faulty criteria and areas for improvement
Evaluating TANF on broader criteria
Reauthorisation of TANF: an opportunity for reflection on workfare in the US
Changing the low-wage labour market
Improving other social programmes
Implications for other nations
5. A European definition of poverty: the fight against poverty and social exclusion in the member states of the European Union
Social exclusion: the new paradigm
The fight against social exclusion in European Union member states
Trends in poverty and social exclusion in the EC member states
Access to the labour market
Access to social services
EC law and policies with regard to social exclusion
6. Welfare state solidarity and support: the Czech Republic compared with the Netherlands
Transformation of the social security systems in the Czech Republic and the Netherlands
Conditionality of solidarity and the legitimacy of the social security system
Conditionality of solidarity
Perception of the present social security system and its legitimacy
7. Targeting welfare: on the functions and dysfunctions of means testing in social policy
Functions and dysfunctions of the means test
Means testing and social division
8. Structural adjustment and mass poverty in Ghana
Adjustment effects on poverty
National food security/agriculture
Poverty alleviation under adjustment
Conclusion: poverty reduction strategy in Ghana
9. Social funds in sub-Saharan Africa: how effective for poverty reduction?
Social funds in the context of structural adjustment
Key organisational concerns of social funds
Social funds, targeting and poverty reduction
10. Urban water supply, sanitation and social policy: lessons from Johannesburg, South Africa
Environmental health and the ‘brown agenda’
The social dimensions of urban water supply and sanitation
Technical and managerial issues in urban water supply and sanitation
Urban water supply and sanitation in post-apartheid Johannesburg
The politics of urban services in Johannesburg
Policies for water supply and sanitation
11. Round pegs and square holes: mismatches between poverty and housing policy in urban India
Living in an urbanising world
Changing perspectives on poverty
Widening perspectives on urban poverty
Livelihoods: recognising the multidimensional nature of urban poverty
International housing policy iterations
Tenants, landlords and housing tenure
Social relations and rental housing markets
Conclusion: the starting point matters in determining tenure choice
12. Urban poverty in China: incidence and policy responses
Incidence and patterns of urban poverty
Safety nets for the urban population
Assessment of UI and MLSI
Improving the social safety net
Appendix: Derivation of poverty lines for measuring urban poverty
13. ‘A new branch can be strengthened by an old branch’: livelihoods and challenges to inter-generational solidarity in South Africa
Inter-generational relations and the mechanisms of redistribution
The South African context
Social grants and the old-age pension
The contribution of older persons
Organisational activities
Poverty and vulnerability
Access to support and services
14. Human rights, transnational corporations and the World Bank
The reassessment of the power of transnational corporations
International financial agencies
The World Bank’s measure of poverty
Technical limitations of the World Bank’s ‘partial’ poverty line
The Bank’s definition of poverty assessed
Approaches by other agencies
Developing an alternative poverty line
15. Are we really reducing global poverty?
Is $1-per-day a valid poverty gauge?
Are statistics for China unduly biasing global poverty trends?
Is much of the global poverty debate about ‘misplaced concreteness’?
Is equity good for the poor?
Is a social shock absorber feasible and affordable?
16. 1% of €10,000 billion
The case for an EU aid target: important and opportune
Arguments against an EU aid target
17. Conclusion: constructing an anti-poverty strategy
The problems of the Washington Consensus
Steps to moderate the international hierarchy of power
World trade and employment
Redistribution and human rights
The key role in an anti-poverty strategy for social security, linked to human rights
Appendix A; Manifesto: international action to defeat poverty
Appendix B: Index of material and social deprivation: national (UK) and cross-national
World poverty
：New policies to defeat an old enemy
( Studies in Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion series )
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