Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Introducing the Topic

1.1 An Oxford Disputation

1.2 The Present Study

1.3 Site

1.4 Approach

1.5 A Discourse Perspective, but Whose Discourse?

1.6 A Blending of Episodes?

Chapter 2 A Legacy of Manly Courage

2.1 Plato’s Crito: “Saving Oneself”

2.2 Plato’s Phaedo: Emptying the Cup

2.3 Xenophon’s Apology and Memorabilia: Dying Nobly

2.4 Socrates and Gethsemane: Some Preliminary Observations

2.5 From Socrates to Commonplaces

Chapter 3 Manly Martyrs

3.1 2 Maccabees 6–7

3.2 Fourth Maccabees: Mastering the Desires

3.3 The Maccabean Martyrs and Gethsemane

3.4 Martyrs “Imitating Christ”

3.5 What about the Gethsemane Prayer?

Chapter 4 Jesus’ Agony Seen by Foes: A Lack of Manly Courage

4.1 Celsus: A Greek Philosopher Evaluates Jesus in Gethsemane

4.2 Silence as Bravery: A Common Ground

4.3 Masculinity Negotiated

4.4 Drawing Celsus Together

4.5 A Roman Emperor Evaluates Gethsemane: Julian the Apostate

4.6 The Anonymous Philosopher in Apocriticus

4.7 How is a Wise and Divine Man Supposed to Appear?

4.8 A Response Mirroring Accusations

4.9 Gethsemane and Foes: A Transition to the New Testament

4.10 New Testament Voices: From Story to Example

Chapter 5 Mark 14:32–42: Jesus—Righteous Sufferer and Example

5.1 Structure

5.2 Narrative Gethsemane

5.3 Making Sense of the Anomaly

5.4 Paradoxical Gethsemane

5.5 The Lord’s Prayer as Subtext

5.6 Eschatological Temptation

5.7 God in Absentia

5.8 Gethsemane Remembered

Chapter 6 Matthew: “If Necessary”

6.1 Jesus and His Disciples

6.2 Less Troubled?

6.3 Jesus at Prayer: Subordinating the Cup Prayer

6.4 Praying the Lord’s Prayer

6.5 Summing Up

Chapter 7 A Heroic Jesus? Luke’s Gospel (Luke 22:39–46)

7.1 Introductory Remarks

7.2 Textual Criticism: Window to a Gethsemane Discourse

7.3 The Shorter Version

7.4 Asleep from Grief

7.5 Including vv. 43–44

7.6 Summing Up

Chapter 8 The Fourth Gospel: Gethsemane Reconfigured

8.1 Johannine Transformations

8.2 “Should I Not Drink the Cup?” John 18:11

8.3 “The Hour”: John 12:27–33

8.4 John 17: Another Gethsemane Prayer?

8.5 Gethsemane Dispersed

8.6 Summing Up

Chapter 9 “With Loud Cries and Tears”: Heb 5:7–9 and Gethsemane

9.1 Recent Suggestions

9.2 Heb 5:7–9 from a Passion Perspective

9.3 The Rhetorical Strategy in which Heb 5:7–9 is Embedded

9.4 The Perfection of Christ and his being “Heard”

9.5 Summing Up

9.6 Post-Apostolic Gethsemane Discourses

Chapter 10 Justin Martyr: “Autobiographic” Gethsemane

10.1 Old Testament as “Autobiography”

10.2 A Story of Sufferings

10.3 The Gospel According to Psalm 22 (21)

Chapter 11 Tatian: Gethsemane Harmonized

11.1 Ordering the Events

11.2 Troubled Outwardly and Cup Prayer

11.3 When Individual Texts Become “Scripture”

Chapter 12 “Orthodox” versus “Non-Orthodox” Gethsemane

12.1 Context Matters

12.2 Affected by Mary

12.3 Substituted Body

12.4 A Man Leaving No Footprints

Chapter 13 The Gospel of the Savior (Papyrus Berolinensis 22220): Intercession in Heavenly Gethsemane

13.1 Heavenly Vision

13.2 Committed

Chapter 14 Origen: A More Severe Martyrdom

14.1 A Rhetorical Question

14.2 The Cup Prayer

Chapter 15 Gethsemane and the Lord’s Prayer

15.1 Echoing the Lord’s Prayer

15.2 De Fuga in Persecutione: A Pastoral Challenge

15.3 Cyprian: God’s Will Not to be Altered

15.4 Summary

Chapter 16 “Hippolytus”: Gethsemane and Doctrinal Proof

Chapter 17 John Chrysostom: Gethsemane and Acted Proof

17.1 Engaging Competing Views

17.2 Instructions for Acting

17.3 Acting Christology

17.4 The Cup Prayer: Real or Contemplated?

17.5 Altruistic Agony

Chapter 18 Jerome: Gethsemane—An Incident of Propatheia

18.1 Altruistic Agony

18.2 Predisposition to Passion

18.3 Theology and Philosophy at a Crossroads

Chapter 19 The Empress Eudocia’s Cento: Homeric and Emotional Hero at Gethsemane

19.1 Jesus Agonized

19.2 The Prayer

19.3 Dying Gloriously

19.4 Strengthened and Awakening

Chapter 20 Gethsemane Discourses

20.1 Traces of Real Discourses

20.2 Multiple Sources

20.3 Biography, Example, Doctrine

20.4 Fearful versus Submissive and Obedient

20.5 Masculinity versus Effeminacy

20.6 Human versus Divine

20.7 Putting Gethsemane in its Place

20.8 Committed, Courageous, Cowardly?

20.9 Condensed Summary

Bibliography

Index of Modern Authors

Index of Subjects

Index of Ancient Sources