Description

Examines the literary output of four influential American Indian intellectuals who challenged conceptions of identity at the turn of the twentieth century. From the 1880s and into the 1930s, Native people participated in debates regarding how to determine and define the boundaries of Indian ethnic identity and tribal citizenship. Indigenous Intellectuals traces the narrative discourses created by four influential American Indian intellectuals and discussions about citizenship, race, and modernity in the US. From the 1880s and into the 1930s, Native people participated in debates regarding how to determine and define the boundaries of Indian ethnic identity and tribal citizenship. Indigenous Intellectuals traces the narrative discourses created by four influential American Indian intellectuals and discussions about citizenship, race, and modernity in the US. In the United States of America today, debates among, between, and within Indian nations continue to focus on how to determine and define the boundaries of Indian ethnic identity and tribal citizenship. From the 1880s and into the 1930s, many Native people participated in similar debates as they confronted white cultural expectations regarding what it meant to be an Indian in modern American society. Using close readings of texts, images, and public performances, this book examines the literary output of four influential American Indian intellectuals who challenged long-held conceptions of Indian identity at the turn of the twentieth century. Kiara M. Vigil traces how the narrative discourses created by these figures spurred wider discussions about citizenship, race, and modernity in the United States. Vigil demonstrates how these figures deployed aspects of Native American cultural practice to authenticate their status both as indigenous peoples and as citizens of the United States. Introduction: a red man's rebuke; 1. A global mission: the higher education of Charles Eastman; 2. Tracing Carlos Montezuma's politics: progressive reform and epistolary culture networks; 3. Red Bird: Gertrude Bonnin's representational politics; 4. Staging US Indian history with Reel Indians: Luther Standing Bear, performativity, and cultural politics; Conclusion: the 1930s, Indian reorganization, and beyond; Afterword. 'Kiara Vigil demonstrates that two plus two can equal much more than four, as she deftly builds a collective cultural biography that re-imagines in networked terms the American Indian intellectuals of the early twentieth century. Beautifully written and thoroughly researched, Indigenous Intellectuals places Indian thought, performance, and politics at the heart of American modernity.' Philip J. Deloria, University of Michigan, and author of Indians in Unexpected Places 'Kiara M. Vigil's powerful collective cultural biography of four major Indigenous intellectuals, Dr Charles A. Eastman, Dr Carlos Montezuma, Gertrude Bonnin, and Luther Standing Bear, illuminates the important political and cultural work they did in their writings, public appearances, and performances. She shows how these thinkers engaged with modernity to offer penetrating critiques of American society and in defense of Indigenous political lives around questions about citizenship, assimilation, and modernity. Deeply researched and nuanced, Indigenous Intellectuals contributes richly to our understanding of Indigenous intellectual life during a moment of immense change in Indian country.' Jean O'Brien, University of Minnes