Chapter
Somalia’s Insecurity and the Normalisation of Violence
Violence: Blending the Past and Present
One Somalia, Many Somalis?
Post Colonial - Independence
Post Colonial Coup and ‘Tribalism Divides’
Descent and the New World Order
North and South Divides: Normalisation of Security and Insecurity
Explaining the Normalisation of Violence
Concluding Thoughts: Processes for Normalising Constraints
Somalia: Understanding the Feasible Institutions
II. What Are Institutions?
III. Somalia’s Feasible Institutions
IV. The Errors of Foreign Intervention
Testimony by Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, Jendayi E. Frazer, before the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee Hearing – “Exploring a Comprehensive Stabilization, Reconstruction and Counter-Terrorism Strategy for Somalia”
Supporting the Transitional Federal Institutions
Testimony of Michael E. Hess, Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on African Affairs- “Exploring a Comprehensive Stabilization, Recon...
New Threats and Opportunities
Testimony by Dr. Ken Menkhaus, Professor, Political Science, Davidson College, before the Subcommittee on African Affairs – “Exploring a Comprehensive Stabilization, Reconstruction and Counter-Terrorism Strategy for Somalia”
The Seismic Changes of 2006
Testimony by J. Stephen Morrison, Director, Africa Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, before the Subcommittee on African Affairs – “Exploring a Comprehensive Stabilization, Reconstruction and Counter-Terrorism Strategy for Somalia”
Outcomes of the January 17 Conference at CSIS
Key Findings: The Situation in Mogadishu
Priority Recommendations for U.S. Policy
Testimony by David H. Shinn, Adjunct Professor, Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia and State Department Coordinator for Somalia, before the Subcommittee on African Affairs – “Explor...
The Intergovernmental Authority on Development
The African Union and the Arab League
The United Nations and the International Community
Testimony by Ambassador Stephen D. Mull, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Confronting Piracy off the Coast of Somalia
Piracy off the Horn of Africa
Piracy off the Horn of Africa: Profile
Piracy off the Horn of Africa: Impact
Threats to commercial shipping and global trade35
Threats to humanitarian aid deliveries
Threats to U.S. flagged vessels and the MV Maersk Alabama incident
Potential financing of regional conflict and terrorism concerns
U.S. and International Policy Responses
United Nations Security Council
Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia
Combined Task Force 151 and Other Navies’ “National Escort Systems”
NATO: Operation Ocean Shield
European Union: Operation ATALANTA
International Maritime Organization and the Djibouti Code of Conduct
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: “Shipriders” and Capacity Building
Private Sector and Shipping Industry Responses
Issues for Congress and Policy Options
Legislation in the 111th Congress
Oversight of U.S. Military Forces and U.S. Foreign Assistance
Piracy, Law Enforcement, and International Cooperation
Options for Improving the Immediate Security of Merchant Ships
Risk reduction and best practices
International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)
Armed security details of U.S. military personnel
Maritime war risk insurance and implications of “armed crews”
Toward a Long-Term Solution: “Piracy Is a Problem that Starts Ashore”130
Somalia: Several Challenges Limit U.S. and International Stabilization, Humanitarian, and Development Efforts
Chronic Humanitarian Emergencies Plague Somalia
Political Context Marked by Conflict and Insecurity
Efforts to Establish a Central Government Continue
U.S. Government Has No Official Representation in Somalia
Several Challenges Have Limited U.S. and International Efforts to Stabilize Somalia
Efforts to Improve Security Focus on Peacekeeping, but They Are Limited by Shortage of Troops
Lack of Participation by All Somali Parties Has Limited Efforts to Promote Reconciliation
Weakness of Transitional Government Has Hindered International Efforts to Build Its Capacity and Create a Functioning Central Government
Insecurity and Other Challenges Have Limited the International Community’s Efforts to Provide Humanitarian and Development Assistance to Somalia
Donors Have Primarily Funded Food Aid to Somalia; Malnutrition Rates Remain above Emergency Threshold
Somali Refugees in Dadaab, Kenya
Insecurity and Related Challenges Have Hindered International Humanitarian Aid Efforts and Oversight
Ineffective government institutions
Increase in International Community’s Development Assistance Hinges on Political Progress and Stability in Somalia
U.S. Strategic Planning for Somalia Is Incomplete
Comprehensive Strategy Addresses Legislation, but Does Not Cover Full Range of Activities
Comprehensive strategy does not address the characteristics of an effective national strategy
Recommendation for Executive Action
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
Appendix II: GAO’s Description of the Six Characteristics of an Effective National Strategy
Purpose, Scope, and Methodology
Problems, Risks, and Threats
Goals, Objectives, Activities, and Performance Measures
Resources, Investments, and Risk Management
U.S. Government Roles, Responsibilities, and Coordination Mechanism
Strategy’s Integration among and with Other Entities
Appendix III: Extent to which the Comprehensive Regional Strategy on Somalia Addresses GAO’s Desirable Characteristics
Appendix IV: Comments from the U.S. Department of Defense
Somalia: Current Conditions and Prospects for a Lasting Peace
The Leadership of Al-Shibaab and Other Factions
Sheik Sharif Hassan Aweys
Security Conditions: Background
Human Rights and Humanitarian Conditions
Somali Piracy in the Horn of Africa6
Somalia: Facts & Statistics
Policy options in dealing with piracy
Policy Options in Dealing with Political and Security Problems
The alliance for the re-liberation of Somalia
Peacekeeping Mission: Background
The Islamic Courts Union: Background
The Leadership of the Somali Council of the Islamic Courts: Background
The Top Leaders of the Courts: Background
The Executive Council (Before the Split)
The Legislative Council or Shura (Before the Split)
Ethiopia-Somalia Relations
Somalia: Background (1991-2006)
National Reconciliation Conference
Somalia: Safe Haven for Terrorist Groups?
(Re) Establishing the Somali State: For the Benefit of the Nation or Other Nations?
Somalia: Economic, Political and Social Issues
( Countries, Regional Studies, Trading Blocks, Unions, World Organizations )
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