Contents

Preface

Section 1: Manipulation and Characterization of Stem Cells

Chapter 1

Degeneration versus Regeneration

References

Chapter 2

Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Equine Bone Marrow Cultured on Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Biofilm

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Production of a Layer-By-Layer Biofilms

Collection and Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

Preparation of Samples for Flow Cytometry

Adipogenesis Differentiation

Osteogenesis Differentiation

Preparation of Material for Scanning Electron Microscopy

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 3

Stem Cells Cultured on Beta Tricalcium Phosphate (Β-TCP) in Combination with Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor – BB (rh-PDGF-BB) for the Treatment of Human Infrabony Defects

Abstract

Introduction

Method and Materials

Study Population

Initial Therapy

Study Design

Clinical Measurements

Radiographic Analysis

Procurement of Mesenchymal Stem Cell

Surgical Procedure

Post-Operative Care

Re-Examination

Statistical Analysis

Results

Baseline Defect Characteristics

Clinical Analysis at 6 Months Postoperatively

Radiographic Analysis at 6 Months Postoperatively

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4

Fat Layer from Medullary Canal Reamer Aspirate for Potential Use as a Supplemental Osteoinductive Bone Graft Material

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Bone and Fat Layer Cell Culture

Differentiation Study

Metabolic Activity

Intracellular Protein Content

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

Calcium Deposition Assay

Statistical Analysis

Results

Cell Isolation from RIA Aspirate

Metabolic Activity

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

Extracellular Calcium Deposition

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5

Deprivation of bFGF Promotes Spontaneous Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Cell Culture

Spontaneous Differentiation of hESC-RPE

Morphological Assessment

Immunocytochemistry

Western Blot Analysis

Statistical Analysis

Results

Morphology

Day Thirty Six

Day Forty Two

Day Fifty Six

Day Seventy

Immunocytochemistry

Day Thirty Six and Forty Two

Day Fifty Six and Seventy

Western Blot

Day Forty

Day Forty Eight

Day Fifty Three

Day Sixty Three

Marker Protein Expression Ratio vs Time-Period of Development

Discussion

Conflict of Interest:

Financial Support: None

Financial Interest: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests

References

Chapter 6

Stability of Reference Genes during Tri-Lineage Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Cell Isolation and Culture

In Vitro Differentiation Induction

Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Reference Gene

Statistical Analyses

Results

hASC Characterization, RNA Quality, and Primer Efficiency

Reference Gene Stability

RGs Effects in Differentiation Markers Relative Gene Expression

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7

Anaerobic Glycolysis and HIF1( Expression in Haematopoietic Stem Cells Explains Its Quiescence Nature

1Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

2Department of Hematology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

3Department of Neurology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Isolation and Characterization of CD34+ Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood

In Vitro Culturing, Sub Culturing and Cryopreservation of HSC

Exposure of CD34+ Cells to Varying Glucose Concentrations

Kinetics Study on Glycolytic Enzymes

i. Kinetic Study of Glucokinase (GK)

ii. Kinetic Study of Pyruvate Kinase (PK)

iii. Kinetic Study of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Section 2: Regeneration Treatments with Stem Cells

Chapter 8

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Lung Transplantation: A Couple for a Perfect Relationship

Abstract

Disclosures

References

Chapter 9

Healing of Experimentally Created Non-Union of Femur in Rats Using Bone Precursor Cells from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

Abstract

Introduction

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

Competing Interests

Authors’ Contributions

References

Chapter 10

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy:

Safety and Feasibility Study in India

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Participants

Ethics

Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells

DMD Patients

Clinical Assessment

Results

Combined Case Report Studies on Treatment of DMD Patients Using UC-MSCs Indicate improvement of Muscle Function

Discussion

Conclusion

Summary Points

Disclosure Statement

References

Chapter 11

Therapeutic Application of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in a Patient with Methanol-Induced Blindness

Abstract

Introduction

Case Presentation

Methodology

Autologous BM Procedure for SCT

Results

Discussion

Comparison with Other Sporadic Results

Acknowledgments

References

Section 3: Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Chapter 12

The Impact Age, Sex, and Religious Beliefs have on the Attitude towards Cord Blood Banking

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Chapter 13

Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Their Niche, and the Concept of Co-Culture Systems: A Critical Review

Abstract

Introduction

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche

Anatomy of the Bone Marrow

Role of Endosteal and Vascular Niches in HSC Maintenance

i) Molecular Cross-Talk in the Endosteal Niche

ii) Regulation of HSCs by Vascular Cells

iii) Other Contributions to the Niche

Co-Culture of HSCs with MSCs

i) Two-dimensional (2D) Culture System

ii) Three-Dimensional (3D) Culture System

Future Perspective

Conflict-of-Interest Disclosure

References

Chapter 14

Mechanism of Induction:

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Reprogramming at First Glance

3. Different Approaches to iPSCs Formation

3.1. Nuclear Transfer

3.2. Cell Fusion

3.3. Transcription Factors

3.4. Small Molecules

4. iPSCs Sources

5. iPSCs Generation Mechanism

5.1. Transcription Factors Regulating Reprogramming

5.1.1. Interactions of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog

5.1.2. c-Myc and Klf4 Complementarity

5.2. Epigenetic Regulation

5.3. miRNA Regulation

5.4. Small Molecules

6. Delivery Techniques

7. iPSCs Colonies Characterization

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interest

References

Section 4: Stem Cells and Carcinogenesis

Chapter 15

Regeneration and Carcinogenesis

Abstract

Introduction

Objective

Materials and Methods

Research Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

Chapter 16

Cancer Stem Cells and Chemoresistance in Glioblastoma Multiform: A Review Article

Abstract

Introduction

1. DNA Repairmechanisms Contributing to Chemoresistance

1.1. O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT)

1.2. Mismatch Repair (MMR)

1.3. Base Excision Repair (BER)

1.4. Fanconi Anemia Pathway

2. Cancer Stem Cell

3. Role of CSC in Chemoresistance

3.1. Hedgehog Signaling

3.2. Notch Signaling

3.3. Wnt Signaling Pathways

3.4. PI3K-Akt Signaling

3.5. STAT3 Signaling

3.6. NF-κB Signaling

3.7. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)

3.8. Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor

3.9. MicroRNAs

3.10. Apoptosis-Related Proteins

3.11. MEK Inhibition

3.12. L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM)

3.13. B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) Protein

3.14. Enhanced DNA Damage Response

3.15. G Protein Coupled Chemoattractant Receptors

3.16. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

3.17. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

3.18. ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters

3.19. Niche

3.20. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor

3.21. Chemokines (Stroma-Cell-Derived Factor-1)

Conclusion

References

Chapter 17

Effect of Mobile Phone-Induced Electromagnetic Field on Brain Hemodynamics and Human Stem Cell Functioning: Possible Mechanistic Link to Cancer Risk and Early Diagnostic Value of Electronphotonic Imaging

1School of Yoga and Life Sciences, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle,

Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, India

2National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India

3Haffkine Institute, Mumbai, India

Abstract

Introduction

Effects of MPEMF on Cerebral Blood Flow

MPEMFs, Human Stem Cells and Cancer Risk

Early Diagnostic Value of Gas Discharge Visulaizer in Detection and Quantification of MPEMF-Induced Effects

Conclusion

References

Section 5: Mechanisms of Prevention of Stem Cells-Mediated Carcinogenic Trends

Chapter 18

Imiquimod Treatment Effectively Reduces the Percentage of Viable Cells in a Cervical Carcinoma Cell Line But Does Not Affect the Expression of HLA-G or OCT-4

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Cell Culture

Growth Curves

RNA Extraction

RNA Fluorometry

Reverse Transcription

Real Time PCR

Statistical Analysis

Results

Cell Population

Gene Expression

Discussion

Implications for Future Research in the Field

Conclusion

Ethical Approval

Informed Consent

Conflict of Interest

References

Chapter 19

Antiaging Effects of an Intensive Mind and Body Therapeutic Program through Enhancement of Telomerase Activity and Adult Stem Cell Counts

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Study Design and Subject

Mind and Body Therapy (MBT) Program

Ethics Statement

Intervention

Stem Cell Isolation Process

Telomerase Activity Measurement in PBMCs

Statistical Analysis

Results

A Proper Randomization of Patients Was Done Before the Start of the Treatment

Mind-Body Therapy (MBT) Program Did Not Affect the Viability of Stem Cells

MBT Augmented Stem Cells Numbers in Peripheral Blood Isolated from the Participants

MBT Augmented Telomerase Activity in Stem Cells Isolated from Peripheral Blood from the Participants

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Disclosure Statement

References

Index