Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Foreword

Introduction

Part I Principles of Multiphoton Absorption

Chapter 1 Rapid Laser Optical Printing in 3D at a Nanoscale

1.1 Introduction

1.2 3D (Nano)polymerization: Linear Properties

1.3 3D (Nano)polymerization: Nonlinear Properties

1.4 Discussion

1.5 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2 Characterization of 2PA Chromophores

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Description of Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction Processes

2.3 Methods for Measurements of NLA and NLR

2.4 Examples of Use of Multiple Techniques

2.5 Other Methods

2.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3 Modeling of Polymerization Processes

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic Laser Polymerization Chemistry and Kinetic Equations

3.3 Phenomenological Polymerization Threshold and Spatial Resolution

3.4 Effect of Fluctuations on the Minimum Feature Size

3.5 Diffusion of Molecules

3.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Part II Equipment and Techniques

Chapter 4 Light Sources and Systems for Multiphoton Lithography

4.1 Laser Light Sources

4.2 Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers

4.3 Laboratory Systems and Processing Strategy

4.4 Further Processing Considerations

References

Chapter 5 STED-Inspired Approaches to Resolution Enhancement

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Fluorescence Microscopy

5.3 Stimulated Emission Depletion in Multiphoton Lithography

5.4 Photoinhibition

5.5 Inhibition Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer

5.6 Absorbance Modulation Lithography

5.7 Challenges for Two-Color, Two-Photon Lithography

5.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part III Materials

Chapter 6 Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

6.1 Introduction for Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

6.2 Centrosymmetric Photoinitiators

6.3 Noncentrosymmetric Photoinitiators

6.4 Application of Photoinitiators in Multiphoton Absorption Lithography

6.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 7 Hybrid Materials for Multiphoton Polymerization

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sol-Gel Preparation

7.3 Silicate Hybrid Materials

7.4 Composite Hybrid Materials

7.5 Surface and Bulk Functionalization

7.6 Replication

7.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8 Photopolymers for Multiphoton Lithography in Biomaterials and Hydrogels

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Multiphoton Lithography (MPL) for Photopolymerization

8.3 MPL Equipment for Biomaterial Fabrication

8.4 Chemistry for MPL Photopolymerizations

8.5 Biomaterial Fabrication

8.6 Biomaterial Modulation

8.7 Biological Design Constraints

8.8 Biologic Questions

8.9 Outlook

References

Chapter 9 Multiphoton Processing of Composite Materials and Functionalization of 3D Structures

9.1 Overview

9.2 Polymer-Organic Composites

9.3 Multiphoton Processing of Oxide-Based Materials

9.4 Multiphoton Processing of Metallic Composites and Materials

9.5 Multiphoton Processing of Semiconductor Composites and Materials

9.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Part IV Applications

Chapter 10 Fabrication of Waveguides and Other Optical Elements by Multiphoton Lithography

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Acrylate Monomers for Multiphoton Lithography

10.3 Thiol-Ene Resins

10.4 Sol-Gel-Derived Resins

10.5 Cationic Polymerization and Stereolithography

10.6 Materials Based on Multiphoton Photochromism

10.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11 Fabricating Nano and Microstructures Made by Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors and Metals using Multiphoton Lithography

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fabrication of 3D Structures Made by PbSe with Multiphoton Lithography

11.3 Fabrication of Silver Structures with Multiphoton Lithography

11.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12 Microfluidic Devices Produced by Two-Photon-Induced Polymerization

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Fabrication of Movable Micromachines

12.3 Optically Driven Micromachines

12.4 Microfluidic Devices Driven by a Scanning Laser Beam

12.5 Microfluidic Devices Driven by a Focused Laser Beam

12.6 Microfluidic Devices Driven by an Optical Vortex

12.7 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 13 Nanoreplication Printing and Nanosurface Processing

13.1 Introduction: Limitations of Multiphoton Lithography

13.2 Micro-transfer Molding (𝛍TM)

13.3 𝛍TM of Complex Geometries

13.4 Nano-replication of Other Materials

13.5 Nanosurface Metallization Processing

13.6 Nanosurface Structuring via Ablation

13.7 Conclusion and Future Directions

References

Part V Biological Applications

Chapter 14 Three-Dimensional Microstructures for Biological Applications

14.1 Introduction

14.2 3D Structures for Cells Studies

14.3 Biocompatible Materials

14.4 Scaffolds for Bacterial Investigation

14.5 Microstructures for Drug Delivery

14.6 Final Remarks

References

Index

EULA