Chapter
5. Wireless Communication Systems and Standards-4:WMAN
5.5 Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e and IEEE 802.16m)
6. Wireless Signal Propagation and Fading
6.1 Wireless Signal Propagation
6.3 Wireless Mobile Environment
6.3.1 Signal Propagation in Wireless Mobile Environment
6.3.2 Multipath Propagation
6.3.2.1 Time variant representation of a wireless channel
6.3.2.2 Multipath components
6.3.2.3 Impact of multipath propagation
6.4 Wireless Channel Models
6.4.1 Types of Wireless Channel Models
6.4.2 Free Space Propagation Model
6.4.3 Outdoor Propagation Models
6.4.4 Indoor Propagation Model
6.4.5 Log Normal Shadowing
6.5 Fading in Wireless Mobile Environment
6.5.2.1 Kinds of small scale fading
6.6 Some Typical Small Scale Fading Model
6.6.1 Rician Fading Model
6.6.2 Rayleigh Fading Model
6.6.3 Nakagami Fading Model
6.7.1.2 Physical implication of time dispersion
6.7.1.3 Inter symbol interference (ISI)
6.7.3 Coherence Bandwidth
6.7.5 Level Crossing Rate (LCR)
6.7.6 Average Duration of Fade (ADF)
6.7.7 Cumulative Probability Density (CPD)
6.8 Classification of Wireless Mobile Channels
6.8.1 Dispersive Channels
6.8.1.1 Time dispersive channel
6.8.1.2 Frequency dispersive channel
6.8.1.3 Doubly dispersive channel
6.8.2 Non Dispersive But Fading Channel
6.9 Basic Propagation Mechanisms
6.9.1.1 Two ray ground reflection model
6.9.2.1 Huygens’s principle
6.9.2.3 Knife-edge diffraction model
6.9.2.4 Diffraction losses
7. Channel Impairments Removal Techniques
7.2 Diversity Mechanism and Combining Techniques
7.2.1 Concept of Diversity
7.2.2 Types of Diversity Schemes
7.2.3 Array Gain vs. Diversity Gain
7.3.1 Selection Combining (SC)
7.3.2 Threshold Combining (TC)
7.3.3 Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)
7.3.4 Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
7.4 Concept of Equalization
7.4.1 Operation of an Equalizer
7.4.2 Adaptive Equalization
7.4.3 Types of Equalizers
7.4.4 Concept of RAKE Receiver
7.4.4.1 RAKE receiver in CDMA
7.4.4.2 How does a RAKE receiver work?
7.5 Coding for Wireless Channels
7.5.1 Code Design for Fading Channels
7.5.1.2 Block interleaver
7.5.2 Basic Code Design Parameters
7.5.3 Error Control Coding
7.5.4 Types of Channel Coding
7.5.4.2 Convolutional codes
7.5.5 Statistical Concept of Decoding
7.5.5.1 Maximum likelihood decoding
7.5.7 Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Code
7.5.8 Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM)
7.5.9 Hierarchical Coding
7.5.10 Encoding and Decoding Processes in Wireless Communication
8. Multiple Access Techniques
8.2.2 DL and UL Communications
8.3 Kinds of Multiple Access Techniques
8.3.1 Contention Free Multiple Access
8.3.1.3 Spread spectrum technique
8.3.1.4 Space division multiple access (SDMA)
8.3.1.5 Hybrid MA techniques
8.3.2 Multi-Carrier Multiple Access (MCMA)
8.3.3 Contention Based Multiple Access Schemes
8.3.3.2 Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
9. Modulation for Wireless Communication
9.3 Why Modulation is Important?
9.4 Types of Modulation Schemes
9.5 Description of Various Modulation Schemes
9.5.1.1 Amplitude modulation (AM)
9.5.1.3 Frequency modulation vs. amplitude modulation
9.5.2.1 Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
9.5.2.2 Phase shift keying (PSK)
9.5.2.3 Gaussian-filtered MSK (GMSK)
9.5.2.4 Hybrid modulation
9.6 Comparison of Digital Modulation Schemes for Wireless Communication
9.7.1 Nyquist Criteria for Pulse Shaping
9.7.2 Gaussian Pulse Shaping Filter
9.8 Vector Representation of Signals
9.8.1 Representation of a Transmitted Signal
9.8.2 Orthogonal Functions
9.8.4 Representation of Signals as Vectors and Functions
9.8.5 Some Inherent Correspondence between Vectors and Functions
9.8.6 Representation of a Signal in Vector Space
9.8.7 Constellation Diagram
9.8.7.1 Example constellation diagrams
9.9.1 Distinguishability of Signals
10. Wireless System Capacity
10.2 Wireless System Capacity under Different Channel Conditions
10.2.1 AWGN Channel Capacity
10.2.2 Flat Fading Channel Capacity
10.2.2.1 Capacity in flat fading channel when only CDI is available
10.2.2.2 Capacity in flat fading channel when CSIR is available
10.2.2.3 Capacity in flat fading channel when CSIT is available
10.2.3 Capacity of Frequency Selective Fading Channels
10.2.3.1 Capacity in time invariant frequency selective fading channels
10.2.3.2 Capacity in time variant frequency selective fading channels
10.3 Comments on Wireless System Capacity
11. Wireless Adhoc Networks
11.3 Symmetric and Asymmetric Links
11.4 Multi-Hop Transmissions
11.5 Protocol Layers in Wireless Adhoc Networks
11.5.1 Wireless Adhoc Networks with Reference to TCP/IP Model
11.7 Examples of Wireless Adhoc Networks
11.7.1 Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET)
11.7.2 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
11.7.2.1 General consideration for a sensor node
11.8 Energy Constraints in Wireless Adhoc Networks
11.9 Design Challenges in Wireless Adhoc Networks
12. Security in Wireless Communication
12.3 Security Threats and Attacks
12.4.1 Authentication Process
12.4.2 Encryption Technique
12.5.1 Authentication in WLAN
12.5.2 Confidentiality in WLAN
12.6.1 Authentication in GSM
12.7 Security Requirements in MANET
13. The Cellular Fundamentals
13.2 Conventional Mobile Communication
13.3 Mobile Cellular Communication
13.4 Cellular Concept and Frequency Reuse
13.4.1 Universal and Fractional Frequency Reuse
13.5 Cellular System Design Unit
13.6 General Architecture of a Cellular System
13.7 Frequency Channels in a Cellular System
13.7.1 Channelization Scheme in AMPS
13.8 Establishing a Call in a Cellular System
13.8.1 Establishing a Call Originated by a Telephone Subscriber to a Mobile User
13.8.2 Establishing a Call Originated by a Mobile User to a Telephone Subscriber
13.9 Frequency Management and Channel Assignment
13.10 Channel Assignment Strategies
13.10.1 Fixed Channel Assignment
13.10.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment
13.10.3 Hybrid Channel Assignment
13.11 Hand-off in a Cellular System
13.11.1 Power Level Consideration for Hand-off
13.11.2 The Dwell Time and Umbrella Approach
13.11.3 Types of Hand-offs
13.11.4 Prioritization of Hand-off
14. Interference and Cellular System Capacity
14.1 What is Interference?
14.1.1 Downlink and Uplink Interferences
14.2 Types of Interference
14.2.1 Co-channel Interference
14.2.1.1 Relation between Q and N
14.2.1.2 Locating co-channel cells in a cellular system
14.2.1.3 Estimation of SIR in co-channel cells
14.2.2 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)
14.2.2.1 Signal power reduction due to frequency separation
14.2.3 Interference due to Near-end to Far-end Effect (NFE)
14.3 Enhancing Capacity of Cellular Systems
14.3.2.1 Higher order sectorization
14.3.3 Smart Antenna Technique
14.3.4.1 Adaptive modulation and coding
14.3.4.2 Fairness consideration
14.3.4.3 Resource allocation algorithms
14.3.5 Small Cell Deployment
15. Cellular Systems and Standards
15.2 First Generation (1G) Systems
15.3 Second Generation (2G) System
15.4 Beyond Second Generation (2.5 G Systems)
15.5 Third Generation (3G) Systems
15.5.1 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
15.6 Cellular Systems Beyond 3G
15.7 Fourth Generation (4G)
15.8 Brief Summary of Developments within Cellular System
16. Typical Examples from Cellular Standards
16.2 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
16.3 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
16.3.4.1 Frame structure in GSM
16.3.5 Identification Numbers in GSM
16.3.8 GSM Security (see Section 12.6)
16.4 GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
16.5 WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
16.5.2 WCDMA Architecture
16.6 LTE (Long Term Evolution)
17. Multicarrier Modulation and OFDM
17.1 Multicarrier Modulation
17.2 Block Diagram of Multicarrier Modulation
17.3 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
17.3.2 The Concept of Orthogonality
17.3.4 OFDM Block Diagram
17.3.6 Shortcomings in OFDMTechnique
17.3.6.2 Frequency and Timing offset
17.3.7 Synchronization in OFDM
17.3.7.1 Synchronization Methods
17.3.8 OFDM System Design Parameters
17.3.8.1 Example OFDM specifications
17.3.9 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
18. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Systems
18.2 Different Antenna Configurations
18.6 Brief History of MIMO
18.8 MIMO Configuration and MIMO Channel Model
18.9 MIMO, Smart Antenna and Beamforming
18.10 Space Time Coding (STC) in MIMO
18.10.1 STC and Pre-Coding
18.10.2 Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Diversity
18.10.4 Higher Order STBC Schemes/Generalized Complex Orthogonal STBC
18.10.5 STBC Concatenated withTrellis Coded Modulation (TCM)
18.11.1 Properties of Alamouti Scheme
18.12 Sub-optimal Schemes (the BLAST Architectures)
18.13 MIMO in a Communication System
18.13.1 Choice of MIMO System Design Parameters
18.14 MIMO System Capacity
18.14.1 SIMO, MISO and MIMO Channels
18.14.2 SVD of MIMO Channel
18.14.3 Comments on MIMO System Capacity
19. Next Generation Cellular Systems
19.1 4G Cellular Communication System
19.2.1 Support of Higher and Scalable System Bandwidth
19.2.2 Flexible Spectrum Usage (FSU)
19.2.3 Autonomous Network Configuration and Operation
19.2.4 Decentralized Nomadic/Local Area Solution
19.3.3 Capacity and Coverage
19.3.4 Types of Smart Antennas
19.4 Cognitive Radio (CR)
19.4.1 Components of Cognitive Radio Network
19.4.2 The Cognitive Radio Cycle
19.4.3 Challenges in Cognitive Radio Implementation
19.4.4 Key Research Issues in Cognitive Radio Systems
19.4.5 Cooperation and Cognitive Radio
19.5 SDR (Software Defined Radio)
19.5.1 Characteristics Features of Software Defined Radio
19.5.2 Software Defined Radio Design
19.6 Communication Relays
19.6.1 Types of Relay Stations
19.6.2 Relay Transmissions
19.7 Spectrum Allocation Options
19.7.1 Fixed Spectrum Allocation
19.7.2 Flexible Spectrum Allocation
19.7.2.1 Licensed use of spectrum
19.7.2.2 Unlicensed spectrum
19.8 Future Deployment Scenario
19.8.2 Benefits of Femtocells
19.8.3 Critical Issues in Femtocell Deployment
19.9 Research Issues in 4G
19.10 Green Communications
Appendix A: Abbreviations
Wireless Communication-the fundamental and advanced concepts
( River Publishers Series in Communications )
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