Cover

Half Title

River publishers series in standardisation

Title - Generation and Applications of Extra-Terrestrial Environments on Earth

Copyright

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

1 - The Space Environment

Chapter_1-The Space Gravity Environment

1.1 Open Space

1.2 Satellites and Rockets

1.3 Typical Gravity at Some Celestial Objects

1.4 Conclusion

Chapter_2.Cosmos: Violent and Hostile Environment

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Beliefs and Truths

2.3 Where Space Begins

2.4 Satellite Environment

2.4.1 Temperature

2.4.2 Atmospheric Drag

2.4.3 Outgassing

2.4.4 Atomic Oxygen Oxidation

2.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter_3 Radiation, SpaceWeather

3.1 Facilities for Space Radiation Simulation

3.2 Protons

3.3 Neutrons

3.4 Heavy Ions

3.5 Facilities Planned

3.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter_4 Interstellar Chemistry

References

Chapter_5 Celestial Bodies

5.1 Introduction

5.2 General Planetary Simulation Facilities

5.2.1 The Centre for Astrobiology Research (CAB), Madrid, Spain

5.2.2 Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin,Germany

5.2.3 The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

5.2.4 Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH),Aarhus University, Denmark

5.2.5 The Planetary Analogues Laboratory for Light, Atmosphereand Surface Simulations (PALLAS), Utrecht University,The Netherlands

5.3 Mars Wind Tunnels

5.3.1 The Planetary Aeolian Laboratory (PAL), NASA AmesResearch Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

5.3.2 The Arizona State University Vortex Generator (ASUVG),Moffett Field, CA, USA

5.3.3 The Aarhus Wind Tunnel Simulator (AWTS), Aarhus,Denmark

5.4 Instrument Testing Facilities

5.4.1 ChemCam Environmental Chamber

5.4.2 SAM Environmental Chamber

References

2 - Facilities to AlterWeight

Chapter_6 Drop Towers

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Drop Tower Technologies

6.3 Vacuum (or Drop) Tubes

6.4 Experiment Inside Capsule (Drag Shield)

6.5 Drop Tower Systems

6.5.1 Guided Motion

6.6 Enhanced Technologies

6.6.1 Free Flyer System

6.6.2 Catapult System

6.6.3 Next-Generation Drop Towers

6.6.3.1 Ground-based facility’s typical operational parameters

6.7 Research in Ground-Based Reduced Gravity Facilities

6.7.1 Cold Atoms

6.7.2 Combustion

6.7.3 Fluid Mechanics/Dynamics

6.7.4 Astrophysics

6.7.5 Material Sciences

6.7.6 Biology

6.7.7 Technology Tests

References

Chapter_7 Parabolic Flights

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Objectives of Parabolic Flights

7.3 Parabolic Flight Maneuvers

7.4 Large Airplanes Used for Parabolic Flights

7.4.1 Europe: CNES’ Caravelle and CNES-ESA’s Airbus A300ZERO-G

7.4.2 USA: NASA’s KC-135, DC-9 and Zero-G Corporation

7.4.3 Russia: Ilyushin IL-76 MDK

7.5 Medium-Sized Airplanes Used for Parabolic Flights

7.5.1 Europe: TU Delft-NLR Cessna Citation II

7.5.2 Canada: CSA Falcon 20

7.5.3 Japan: MU-300 and Gulfstream-II

7.5.4 Other Aircraft

7.6 Small Airplanes and Jets Used for Parabolic Flights

7.6.1 Switzerland: Swiss Air Force Jet Fighter F-5E

7.6.2 Other Aircraft

7.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter_8 Magnetic Levitation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Static Magnetic Forces in a Continuous Medium

8.2.1 Magnetic Forces and Gravity, Magneto-GravitationalPotential

8.2.2 Magnetic Compensation Homogeneity

8.3 Axisymmetric Levitation Facilities

8.3.1 Single Solenoids

8.3.2 Improvement of Axisymmetric Device Performance

8.3.2.1 Ferromagnetic inserts

8.3.2.2 Multiple solenoid devices and special windings design

8.4 Magnetic Gravity Compensation in Fluids

8.5 Magnetic Gravity Compensation in Biology

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter_9 Electric Fields

9.1 Convection Analog in Microgravity

9.1.1 Conditions of DEP Force Domination

9.1.2 Equations Governing DEP-Driven TEHD Convection

9.2 Electric Gravity in the Conductive State for SimpleCapacitors

9.2.1 Linear Stability Equations and Kinetic Energy Equation

9.3 Results from Stability Analysis

9.3.1 Plane Capacitor

9.3.2 Cylindrical Capacitor

9.3.3 Spherical Shell

9.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter_10 The Plateau Method

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Principle

10.3 Temperature Constraint

10.4 Other Constraints

10.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter_11 Centrifuges

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Artifacts

11.2.1 Coriolis

11.2.2 Inertial Shear Force

11.2.3 Gravity Gradient

11.3 The Reduced Gravity Paradigm (RGP

References

3 - Facilities to Mimic Micro-GravityEffects

Chapter_12 Animals: Unloading, Casting

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Hindlimb Unloading Methodology

12.3 Recommendations for Conducting HindlimbUnloading Study

12.4 Casting, Bandaging, and Denervation

12.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter_13 Human: Bed Rest/Head-Down-Tilt/Hypokinesia

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Experimental Models to MimicWeightlessness

13.2.1 Bed Rest or Head-Down Bed Rest?

13.2.2 Immersion and Dry Immersion

13.3 Overall Design of the Studies

13.3.1 Duration of the Studies

13.3.2 Design of the Bed-Rest Studies

13.3.3 Number of Volunteers

13.3.4 Number of Protocols

13.3.5 Selection Criteria

13.4 Directives for Bed Rest (Start and End of Bed Rest,Conditions During Bed Rest)

13.4.1 Respect and Control of HDT Position

13.4.2 Activity Monitoring of Test Subjects

13.4.3 First Day of Bed Rest

13.4.4 Physiotherapy

13.5 Operational/Environmental Conditions

13.5.1 Housing Conditions and Social Environment

13.5.2 Sunlight Exposure, Sleep/Wake Cycles

13.5.3 Diet

13.5.4 Testing Conditions

13.5.5 Medications

References

Chapter_14 Clinostats and Other RotatingSystems—Design, Function, and Limitations

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Traditional Use of Clinostats

14.3 Direction of Rotation

14.4 Rate of Rotation

14.5 Fast- and Slow-Rotating Clinostats

14.6 The Clinostat Dimension

14.7 Configurations of Axes

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter_15 Vibrations

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Thermovibrational Convections

15.3 Crystal Growth

15.4 Dynamic Interface Equilibrium

References

4 - Other Environmental Parameters

Chapter_16 Earth Analogues

16.1 Planetary Analogues

16.1.1 The Moon

16.1.2 Mars

16.1.3 Europa and Enceladus

16.1.4 Titan

16.2 Semipermanent Field-Testing Bases

16.3 Field-Testing Campaigns

References

Chapter_17 Isolated and Confined Environments

Acknowledgement

References

5 - Current Research in Physical Sciences

Chapter_18 Fundamental Physics

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The Topics

18.3 Fundamental Physics in Space

18.3.1 Fundamental Issues in Soft Matter and Granular Physics

References

Chapter_19 Fluid Physics

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Supercritical Fluids and Critical Point Phenomena

19.2.1 Testing Universality

19.2.3 New Process of Thermalization

19.2.4 Supercritical Properties

19.2.2 Dynamics of Phase Transition

19.3 Heat Transfer, Boiling and Two-Phase Flow

19.3.1 Two-Phase Flows

19.3.2 Boiling and Boiling Crisis

19.4 Interfaces

19.4.1 Liquid Bridges

19.4.2 Marangoni Thermo-Solutal-Capillary Flows

19.4.3 Interfacial Transport

19.4.4 Foams

19.4.5 Emulsions

19.4.6 Giant Fluctuations of Dissolving Interfaces

19.5 Measurements of Diffusion Properties

19.6 Vibrational and Transient Effects

19.6.1 Transient and Sloshing Motions

19.6.2 Vibrational Effects

19.7 Biofluids: Microfluidics of Biological Materials

References

Chapter_20 Combustion

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Why Combustion Is Affected by Gravity?

20.3 Reduced Gravity Environment for CombustionStudies

20.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter_21 Materials Science

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Scientific Challenges

21.3 Specifics of Low-Gravity Platforms and Facilitiesfor Materials Science

21.3.1 Parabolic Flights

21.3.2 TEXUS Sounding Rocket Processing

21.3.3 Long-Duration Microgravity Experiments on ISS

21.4 Materials Alloy Selection

Acknowledgements

References

6 - Current Research in Life Sciences

Chapter_22 Microbiology/Astrobiology

22.1 Radiation Environment

22.2 Change in Gravity Environment

22.3 Space Flight Experiments and Related GroundSimulations

References

Chapter_23 Gravitational Cell Biology

23.1 Gravitational Cell Biology

23.2 Studies Under Simulated Microgravity

23.3 Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Algae,Plant Cells, and Whole Plants

23.4 Mammalian Cells in Simulated Microgravity

References

Chapter_24 Growing Plants under GeneratedExtra-Terrestrial Environments: Effectsof Altered Gravity and Radiation

24.1 Introduction: Plants and Space Exploration

24.2 Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the GravityPerception and Response in Real and SimulatedMicrogravity

24.2.1 Gravity Perception in Plant Roots: Gravitropism

24.2.2 Effects on Cell Growth and Proliferation

24.2.3 Effects of Gravity Alteration on Gene Expression

24.3 Morpho-Functional Aspects of the Plant Responseto Real and Simulated Microgravity Environments

24.3.1 From Cell Metabolism to Organogenesis

24.3.2 Indirect Effects of Altered Gravity to Photosynthesis

24.3.3 Constraints in the Achievement of the Seed-to-SeedCycle in Altered Gravity

24.4 Plant Response to Real or Ground-GeneratedIonizing Radiation

24.4.1 Variability of Plant Response to Ionizing Radiation

24.4.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation at Genetic, Structural,and Physiological Levels

24.5 Conclusions—Living in a BLSS in Space:An Attainable Challenge

References

Chapter_25 Human Systems Physiology

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Complications of Space-Based PhysiologicalResearch

25.3 Ground-Based Analogs of Spaceflight-InducedDeconditioning: Bed Rest and Immersion

25.4 Types of Bed Rest, Durations, and Protocols

25.5 Physiological Systems Affected by Spaceflightand Bed Rest

25.6 Is Bed Rest a Valid Analog for Microgravity-InducedChanges?

25.7 Bed Rest: ATesting Platform for Applicationof Countermeasures to Alleviate Effectsof Microgravity—Induced Deconditioning

25.8 Perspectives

References

Chapter_26 Behavior, Confinement, and Isolation

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Index

Editor’s Biographies