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1 Principles of Locoregional Therapy
1 Principles of embolization
Transarterial embolization versus chemoembolization
Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (Onyx)
2 Principles of percutaneous ablative therapies
Boston scientific RF system
Cool-tip™ covidien RF system
Irreversible electroporation ablation
3 Principles of isolated regional perfusion of the extremity or liver
Rationale for regional treatment
Candidate cancers for regional perfusion
In-transit metastases from cutaneous melanoma
Ocular melanoma and cancers for percutaneous hepatic perfusion
Isolated limb infusion: An alternative regional therapy for limb disease
Regional perfusion of the liver
Isolated hepatic perfusion: Procedure in detail
Chemosaturation with percutaneous hepatic perfusion: Procedure in detail
4 Principles of radiotherapy
Side effects and toxicity
The impact of technological advances
5 Tumor response for image-guided interventions
Mechanisms of tissue injury and histopatholic assessment
Percutaneous ethanol injection
Transcatheter embolization
Imaging assessment of treatment response
Other findings and complications
CT imaging considerations pertinent to TACE
Positron emission tomography
Standardized uptake value
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI imaging considerations pertinent to TACE
Diffusion-weighted imaging
6 Trends in basic science research in interventional radiology
Nanotechnology for systemic and local drug delivery
Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery
Nanotechnology and thermal therapy
Nanotechnology in vascular interventions
Nanotechnology in implantable devices and hemostasis
Ultrasound-mediated vascular therapy
Stem cell regenerative medicine
The role of interventional radiology in stem cell therapy
Cell-based therapy for diabetes mellitus
Peripheral arterial disease
Future prospects for stem cell research
RNA interference and small interfering RNA
RNAI applications in oncology
RNAI applications in targeting hepatic cancers
Obstacles to RNAI-based therapeutics in oncology
Gene electrotransfer in cancer treatment
Gene electrotransfer in wound healing
Diagnostic techniques in the postgenomic era
Utility of imaging as a surrogate for gene expression profiling
Utility of radiogenomics in tumor staging and prognosis
Utility of radiogenomics in assessing optimal therapy
2 Gastrointestinal Oncology
7 Surgical management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Comprehensive multidisciplinary care
Laparoscopic liver resection
Postoperative management and perioperative morbidity and mortality
Long-term outcomes of surgical resection
8 Interventional management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Patient preparation and preoperative imaging
Percutaneous chemical injection
Irreversible electroporation
Postprocedural management and imaging
Transarterial embolization and chemoembolization
DEB versus bland embolization
Patient preparation and preoperative imaging
Postembolization care and follow-up imaging
Other transarterial approaches
9 Systemic therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Epidermal growth factor receptor
Insulinlike growth factor
c-Met and the hepatocyte growth factor
Intracellular signaling cascades
Targeting the MAPK/ERK pathway
Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Targeting basic fibroblast growth factor
Platelet derived growth factor
Multitargeted antiangiogenic TKIs
Combined systemic therapies
Sorafenib and doxorubicin
Bevacizumab and erlotinib
Other combination regimens
Therapy after progression on sorafenib
Combined modality therapy
10 Cholangiocarcinoma: Diagnosis, management, and prognosis
Epidemiology and risk factors
Tumor markers and molecular pathogenesis
Pathologic and morphologic classification
Overview: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Presentation and diagnosis
Overview: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma
Presentation and diagnosis
Palliative considerations
11 Percutaneous management of cholangiocarcinoma
Endoscopic versus percutaneous biliary drainage
Percutanous transhepatic management
Initial PTC and percutaneous drainage
Preoperative versus palliative biliary drainage
Preprocedural workup and clinical evaluation
Preprocedural imaging evaluation from a technical safety standpoint
Preprocedural imaging evaluation from a drainage efficacy standpoint
PTC and percutaneous drainage technique
Invasive cholangiography (direct CT cholangiography)
Technical and clinical outcomes of percutaneous drainage
Internalization of biliary drainage (stent placement)
Indication for stent placement
Unilobar vs. bilobar and hilar vs. distal tumors
Y- vs. T-configured stents
Covered metal stents vs. bare metal stents
Endoluminal biliary tumor therapy
Locoregional tumor therapy
Transarterial chemoembolization
Percutaneous tumor ablation
12 The multidisciplinary management of liver metastases in colorectal cancer
Introduction: Multidisciplinary team approach
Distinctive considerations for metastatic rectal cancer
Advances in chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer
Potentially curative liver surgery in stage IV disease
Inoperable liver metastases: Debulking strategies and the concept of “organ”-directed approaches
The concept of local vs. locoregional modalities
Local VS. locoregional liver therapies
Hepatic arterial radioembolization as a platform to build the trial synergies with chemotherapy standards of care
13 Surgical management of hepatic metastases
Colorectal liver metastases
Assessment of oncological resectability
Assessment of technical resectability
Strategy for synchronous metastases
Management of the disappearing metastases
Postoperative management and outcome
Follow-up and long-term outcome
Resection of noncolorectal liver metastases
Neuroendocrine liver metastases
Noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine liver metastases
14 Interventional radiology in the management of colorectal cancer liver metastases
Ablation in the treatment of colorectal metastases
Imaging follow-up of ablation therapies
Arterially directed therapies
Hepatic arterial chemotherapy
Transarterial chemoembolization
15 Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
16 Interventional oncology management of noncolorectal and nonneuroendocrine hepatic metastatic disease
Transcatheter intraarterial tumor therapies
Hepatic arterial chemoinfusion
Hepatic artery embolization and chemoembolization
90y microsphere radioembolization
Isolated hepatic perfusion
Percutaneous ablative therapies
3 Genitourinary and Gynecologic Oncology
17 Percutaneous management of renal tumors
Treatment options (For malignancy)
Indications for nonsurgical management
Collecting system injury prevention
Management of complications
Considerations for benign disease (Angiomyolipoma)
18 Interventional strategies in the treatment of gynecologic cancers
Interventions in gynecologic oncology
Biopsy of peritoneal carcinomatosis in suspected ovarian cancer
Interventional techniques for local control of metastatic disease
Intraperitoneal catheters for palliative treatment of refractory malignant ascites
Interventional techniques for palliative treatment of painful metastatic disease
Transcatheter arterial embolization for control of hemorrhage from gynecologic malignancies
Selected interventions for selected benign gynecologic conditions
Abdominal wall endometriosis
19 Image-based interventional therapies for benign uterine neoplasms
Imaging characteristics of uterine leiomyomas
Location of uterine leiomyomas
Traditional treatment of uterine leiomyoma
Minimally invasive treatments
Uterine artery embolization
High-intensity focused ultrasound
Other gynecological applications of hifu
Treatment-specific patient selection criteria and evaluation
Clinical outcomes of minimally invasive interventions
Postprocedure fertility and pregnancy outcomes
Relative cost of treatment
20 Prostate cancer intervention
Detection and characterization of prostate cancer
Current conventional treatment
Focal therapies for in situ prostate cancer
High-intensity focused ultrasound
Photothermal laser ablation
Importance of image guidance
Determinants of success (or failure)
Interventions for biochemical failure (recurrence)
Interventions for prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic artery embolization
21 Imaging of head and neck cancer
Assessing local extent of disease
Imaging of perineural spread
Oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors
22 Transcatheter chemotherapy for malignancies in the brain, head, and neck
Background of intraarterial chemotherapy for tumors of the head, neck, and brain
Higher local concentrations
New chemotherapy formulations
Intraarterial chemotherapy technology and technique for brain and head and neck tumors
Complications related to catheterization of the cerebral vessels and cervicofacial feeding vessels
Current indications for intraarterial chemotherapy of tumors of the brain and the head and neck
23 Head: Intracranial - gliomas, and meningiomas and extracranial - orbits, internal auditory canals, and skull base
Primary brain tumor classification
Neuroimaging in brain tumors
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
Mixed and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma
Surgical planning and guidance
Glioblastoma (who grade IV)
Epidemiology and presentation
Interventional management of meningioma
Minimally invasive treatments
High-intensity focused ultrasound
Mr-guided focused ultrasound surgery
General principles of embolization
Chemosurgery: Retinoblastoma
General principles of intraarterial chemotherapy
Gliomas: Intraarterial chemotherapy with bevacizumab
Pitfalls in assessing response
Quantification of treatment response
24 Primary lung carcinoma
Image-guided interventions
Core-needle biopsy technique
Peripheral lesions and the tangential approach
Central lesions and the axial approach
Intermediate (>1 week–2 months)
Intermediate (1 week–2 months)
Advanced ablation techniques
Direct temperature monitoring
Adverse events: Prevention and management
Rationale for ablation of lung metastases
Tunneled pleural catheter placement
Catheter-directed pleurodesis
Palliative ablation for painful chest wall and osseous metastases
6 Musculoskeletal Oncology
26 Percutaneous musculoskeletal biopsy
Indications and contraindications
Patient selection and procedure planning
Magnetic resonance imaging
Approach and relevant anatomy
Cervical vertebra and disc
Thoracic and lumbar vertebra
Complications and management
27 Musculoskeletal interventions for benign bone lesions
Technical challenges and adjunct maneuvers
Lesions of cartilaginous origin
Fibrous, fibroosseous, and fibrohistiocytic lesions
Biologically active tumors and paraneoplastic syndromes
Percutaneous interventions for unicameral or aneurysmal bone cysts
28 Ablation of musculoskeletal metastatic lesions including cementoplasty
Indications and contraindications
Anesthesia and medications
Imaging guidance and monitoring
Focused ultrasound ablation
Approach and relevant anatomy
Tissue displacement of adjacent structures
Monitoring for collateral damage
Complications and management
29 Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty in malignant vertebral fracture
30 Intraarterial procedures for the musculoskeletal system
Intraarterial infusion catheter placement for limb infusion
Bland arterial embolization
Complications and management
Aneurysmal bone cyst and giant cell tumor
Preoperative embolization of hypervascular tumors in the spine
Clinical Interventional Oncology
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