Chapter
SECTION I: BASIC MECHANISMS
CHAPTER 1. Human Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism
CHAPTER 2. Regulation and Clearance of Apolipoprotein B–Containing Lipoproteins
APOLIPOPROTEIN B STRUCTURE
APOLIPOPROTEIN B GENE REGULATION AND EDITING
PROTEASOMAL AND NONPROTEASOMAL DEGRADATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B
ASSEMBLY OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B–CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS
PLASMA METABOLISM OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS
EMERGING TARGETS FOR REDUCING PLASMA LEVELS OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B–CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS
CHAPTER 3. Absorption and Excretion of Cholesterol and Other Sterols
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITIONS OF INTESTINAL LIPIDS DERIVED FROM THE DIET AND FROM BILE
SOURCES OF INTESTINAL STEROLS
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION
FECAL EXCRETION OF INTESTINAL STEROLS
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INTESTINAL CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE INTESTINAL CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION EFFICIENCY
INHIBITORS OF INTESTINAL CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION
CHAPTER 4. High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I AND APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AND CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX
SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM AND REVERSE CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM
REGULATION OF HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL
REGULATION OF THE PLASMA LEVEL OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM
CHAPTER 5. Lipoproteins: Mechanisms for Atherogenesis and Progression of Atherothrombotic Disease
INFLAMMATION: A FINAL COMMON PATH THAT LINKS MANY RISK FACTORS TO ATHEROGENESIS
LIPOPROTEINS AND THE INITIATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS: RESPONSE TO LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RETENTION AND BEYOND
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN: THE ANTIATHEROGENIC LIPOPROTEIN
LINKS BETWEEN LIPIDS AND LESION PROGRESSION
ATHEROTHROMBOSIS: THE COMPLICATIONS OF THE ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE
EFFECTS OF LIPID LOWERING ON THE ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE
PERSPECTIVES ON LINKS BETWEEN LIPOPROTEINS AND MECHANISMS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CHAPTER 6. Genetic Dyslipidemia
COMMON GENETIC DISORDERS OF LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM
CHAPTER 7. High-Density Lipoprotein Mutations
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN POPULATIONS
IMPACT OF GENES ON HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
INBORN ERRORS OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM
CHAPTER 8. Lipoprotein Oxidation and Modification
MECHANISMS OF LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OXIDATION
PROPERTIES OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN THAT MAKE IT ATHEROGENIC
OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AND THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN ATHEROGENESIS
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OXIDATION AND ATHEROGENESIS
OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PLASMA BIOMARKERS
SECTION II: RISK ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 9. Cholesterol: Concentration, Ratio, and Particle Number
PLASMA AND LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
CHOLESTEROL AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
CHOLESTEROL RATIOS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
APOLIPOPROTEINS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
PARTICLE SIZE, PARTICLE NUMBER, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
CHAPTER 10. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL AS A PREDICTOR OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE
LOW LEVEL OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AS A BIOMARKER OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE
LOW LEVEL OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN WITH INCREASED TRIGLYCERIDE OR LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LEVEL OR BOTH
CAUSES OF LOW AND HIGH LEVELS OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
EXTREME HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PHENOTYPES
THE HIGH HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL PHENOTYPE
CHAPTER 11. Lipoprotein(a)
DETERMINATION OF PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN(a) CONCENTRATIONS
LIPOPROTEIN(a) CATABOLISM
LIPOPROTEIN(a) AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE: EVIDENCE FROM CLINICAL STUDIES
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APOLIPOPROTEIN(a) ISOFORM SIZE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK
PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF LIPOPROTEIN(a) ACTION
CHALLENGES IN LIPOPROTEIN(a) MEASUREMENT
PROGRESS IN THE STANDARDIZATION OF LIPOPROTEIN(a) MEASUREMENT
NONIMMUNOLOGICALLY BASED METHODS FOR LIPOPROTEIN(a) MEASUREMENT
IMPACT OF LIPOPROTEIN(a) METHOD INACCURACY ON THE INTERPRETATION OF LIPOPROTEIN(a) VALUES
STRATEGIES FOR MODULATION OF PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN(a) CONCENTRATIONS
SUGGESTED USE OF LIPOPROTEIN(a) IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
CHAPTER 12. Clinical Evaluation for Genetic and Secondary Causes of Dyslipidemia
DIETARY FACTORS AS SECONDARY CAUSES OF LIPID/LIPOPROTEIN ABNORMALITIES
DISEASES THAT CAUSE LIPID/LIPOPROTEIN ABNORMALITIES
DRUGS THAT CAUSE ABNORMAL LIPID/LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS
CHAPTER 13. Use of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein for Risk Assessment
BIOLOGY OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
VARIATION IN HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVELS
LABORATORY TESTING OF HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
CHAPTER 14. Role of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Vascular Disease
BIOLOGY OF LIPOPROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LIPOPROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
GENETICS OF LIPOPROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
INHIBITION OF LIPOPROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 AS A DRUG TARGET
LIPOPROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 AND RISK ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 15. Emerging Assays
BIOMARKERS AS CLINICAL TOOLS
TECHNICAL ASPECTS FOR BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT
GENETIC MARKERS AND GENOMICS APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL CARDIOVASCULAR BIOMARKERS
PROTEOMICS-BASED DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR BIOMARKERS
"SYSTEMS BIOLOGY": AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO FUTURE BIOMARKER DISCOVERY
CHAPTER 16. Noninvasive Assessments of Atherosclerosis for Risk Stratification
THE FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE: APPLICATION, LIMITATIONS
CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORING
CORONARY MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
CAROTID INTIMA–MEDIA THICKNESS
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
BRACHIAL ARTERY FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION
MOTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IMAGING
CHAPTER 17. Overview of General Approach to Management of Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mixed Dyslipidemia,
ELEVATED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
SEVERE ELEVATIONS OF TRIGLYCERIDES
LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
CHAPTER 18. Treatment Guidelines Overview
ADULT TREATMENT PANEL III
ADULT TREATMENT PANEL III UPDATE
AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION/AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION: 2006 UPDATE
EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION IN WOMEN
EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION IN WOMEN: 2007 UPDATE
DYSLIPIDEMIA MANAGEMENT IN ADULTS WITH DIABETES
TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND GOALS
CHAPTER 19. Dietary Patterns for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
DIETARY PATTERNS TO LOWER TOTAL AND LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
DIETARY PATTERNS TO MANAGE ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
DIETARY PATTERNS TO MANAGE HYPERTENSION
FOOD-BASED DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HEART HEALTH
STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF HEALTHFUL DIETARY PATTERNS
RESOURCES FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
CHAPTER 20. Exercise and Lipids
EXERCISE VERSUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
EXERCISE AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE
CARDIAC REHABILITATION AND EXERCISE TRAINING
RISK AND SAFETY OF EXERCISE
ASSESSMENT OF THE OBESE PATIENT WITH DYSLIPIDEMIA
OVERVIEW OF WEIGHT-LOSS THERAPY
DRUG TREATMENT FOR WEIGHT LOSS
EFFECT OF WEIGHT LOSS ON LIPIDS
LIPID-INDEPENDENT ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETIC CHARACTERISTICS
IMPACT ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
CHAPTER 23. Bile Acid Sequestrants
EFFECTS ON PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS
PREVENTION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS
CHAPTER 24. Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors
INTESTINAL CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION
AGENTS AFFECTING CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION
CHAPTER 25. Nicotinic Acid
EARLY HISTORY OF NICOTINIC ACID
THE CORONARY DRUG PROJECT: A PIONEERING LANDMARK PREVENTION TRIAL
NICOTINIC ACID IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS IMAGING TRIALS
NICOTINIC ACID PREPARATIONS
NICOTINIC ACID–SAFETY ISSUES
THE FUTURE OF NICOTINIC ACID
MECHANISM OF ACTION ON LIPID METABOLISM AND CELLULAR FUNCTION
CLINICAL EFFICACY OF FIBRATES ON LIPIDS/LIPOPROTEINS/APOLIPOPROTEINS
FIBRATES AND OTHER BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS
REVIEW OF FIBRATE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS
COMBINATION TREATMENT OF FIBRATES WITH OTHER LIPID-ALTERING AGENTS
CHAPTER 27. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
EFFECTS ON LIPOPROTEIN CLASSES
EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN DYSLIPIDEMIC PATIENTS
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE LIPID-ALTERING EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS
SPECIAL POPULATIONS„IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATORS
AVAILABLE OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID PRODUCTS
SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
BLOOD OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID LEVELS AS A RISK FACTOR
CHAPTER 28. Endocannabinoid Receptor Blockers
OBESITY AND THE ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA OF INSULIN RESISTANCE: IMPORTANCE OF BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION AND VISCERAL ADIPOSITY
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA OF VISCERAL OBESITY: THE "PORTAL" THEORY
ADIPOSE TISSUE AS AN ENDOCRINE ORGAN
VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE: A MARKER OF "DYSFUNCTIONAL" ADIPOSE TISSUE?
VISCERAL OBESITY AND CHD RISK: THE ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA AND BEYOND
MANAGING THE ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA OF ABDOMINAL OBESITY
THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM
PUBLISHED CLINICAL TRIALS WITH THE CANNABINOID RECEPTOR TYPE 1 ANTAGONIST RIMONABANT: IMPACT ON THE LIPID AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK PROFILE
CHAPTER 29. Combination Therapy for Dyslipidemia
RATIONALE FOR COMBINATION THERAPY
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL REDUCTION
SEVERE HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
SAFETY OF COMBINATION THERAPY
CHAPTER 30. Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN–APHERESIS SYSTEMS
CONTRAINDICATIONS, ADVERSE EVENTS, AND LIMITATIONS
QUALIFICATION AND REIMBURSEMENT
ALTERATION OF VASCULAR MARKERS
ALTERNATIVE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 31. Nutriceuticals and Functional Foods for Cholesterol Reduction
OTHER FOODS OR FOOD COMPONENTS WITH CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING PROPERTIES
THE NEED TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIET
ORIGINS OF THE COMBINATION APPROACH TO DIET THERAPY
THE "COMBINATION" OR "DIETARY PORTFOLIO" APPROACH TO CHOLESTEROL REDUCTION
PORTFOLIO: PRACTICAL APPLICATION
SIMILAR COMBINATION APPROACHES
CHAPTER 32. Evolving Targets of Therapy
NON–HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLE SIZE
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN SUBPOPULATIONS
CHAPTER 33. Modulation of Biomarkers of Inflammation
LIPOPROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
CHAPTER 34. Invasive Imaging Modalities and Atherosclerosis: The Role of Intravascular Ultrasound
USE OF INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND TO MONITOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC BURDEN
LOWERING LEVELS OF LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
PROMOTING BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERIFICATION
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 35. Noninvasive Imaging Modalities and Atherosclerosis: The Role of Ultrasound
MONITORING ATHEROSCLEROSIS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR ULTRASOUND IMAGING
LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF CAROTID INTIMA–MEDIA THICKNESS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC IMAGING
USE OF CAROTID INTIMA–MEDIA THICKNESS IN CLINICAL TRIALS
BEYOND CAROTID INTIMA–MEDIA THICKNESS
CHAPTER 36. Noninvasive Imaging Modalities and Atherosclerosis: The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography Imaging
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
PLAQUE IMAGING WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
CLINICAL CORRELATIONS WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
CONTRAST AGENTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
PLAQUE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND DRUG TRIALS
FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING
CHAPTER 37. Special Patient Populations: Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
HISTORY OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND DIABETES MELLITUS
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
DYSLIPIDEMIA IN INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
NORMAL LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM AND ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO THE DYSLIPIDEMIA OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
CHAPTER 38. Special Patient Populations: Women and Elderly
CHAPTER 39. Special Patient Populations: Acute Coronary Syndromes
DEFINITION, SCOPE OF PROBLEM, AND RISK OF RECURRENT EVENTS
EFFECT OF RECENT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME ON LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN MEASUREMENTS
DO LEVELS OF LIPOPROTEINS AND LIPIDS INFLUENCE LONG-AND SHORT-TERM PROGNOSIS AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME?
EVIDENCE SUPPORTING EARLY AND INTENSIVE STATIN TREATMENT AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
SHOULD C-REACTIVE PROTEIN OR OTHER INFLAMMATORY MARKERS BE TARGETS OF THERAPY AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME, IN ADDITION TO LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL?
SAFETY OF INTENSIVE STATIN THERAPY
TRANSLATING CLINICAL TRIALS TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
WITHDRAWAL OF STATIN THERAPY
CHAPTER 40. Special Patient Populations: Transplant Recipients
ASSOCIATION OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
TREATING DYSLIPIDEMIA IN THE RENAL TRANSPLANT POPULATION
POTENTIAL PHARMACOKINETIC STATIN INTERACTIONS IN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
EFFECT OF LIPID LOWERING IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DYSLIPIDEMIA AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
TREATING DYSLIPIDEMIA IN THE LIVER TRANSPLANT POPULATION
PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
CHAPTER 41. Special Patient Populations: Chronic Renal Disease
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND LIPID METABOLISM
IMPACT OF LIPID-LOWERING AGENTS ON LIPID MARKERS
TREATMENT GUIDELINES AND TARGETS
INTERVENTION: CLINICAL TRIALS
CHAPTER 42. Special Patient Populations: Lipid Abnormalities in High-Risk Ethnic Groups
CHAPTER 43. Special Patient Populations: HIV Patients
COMPONENTS OF HIV-ASSOCIATED DYSLIPIDEMIC LIPODYSTROPHY
COMPLICATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
CHAPTER 44. Investigational Agents Affecting Atherogenic Lipoproteins
SQUALENE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS
MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN INHIBITORS
ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES TO APOLIPOPROTEIN B
CHAPTER 45. Therapeutic Targeting of High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism
BASIC CONCEPTS IN THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM, REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT, AND HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN FUNCTION
RAISING HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL THROUGH INHIBITION OF CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN
PROMOTING MACROPHAGE CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX THROUGH LIVER X RECEPTOR AGONISM
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-α AGONISTS MAY BOTH PROMOTE MACROPHAGE CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX AND UP-REGULATE APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I TRANSCRIPTION
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-β/δ AGONISTS MAY RAISE HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LEVELS THROUGH UNCERTAIN MECHANISMS
INHIBITING APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I CATABOLISM THROUGH INHIBITION OF ENDOTHELIAL LIPASE
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF FULL-LENGTH APOLIPOPROTEINA-I OR APOLIPOPROTEINA-I MIMETIC PEPTIDES
CHAPTER 46. Experimental Therapies of the Vessel Wall
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE INFLAMMATORY BASIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAYS: CONTRIBUTION OF LEUKOTRIENES AND LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTORS TO ATHEROTHROMBOSIS
Clinical Lipidology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
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