Chapter
Cytoplasm and Plasmalemma
Cell Membrane, Receptors, and Signal Transduction
PART II: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF NEOPLASIA
Principles of Malignant Transformation
The Major Pathways of Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis Induced by Papillomavirus Infections
CHAPTER 2. Basic Cytogenetics and the Role of Genetics in Cancer Development
Basic Knowledge of Cytogenetics
Acquired Chromosomal Aberrations in Cancer
Clinical Applications of Conventional Cytogenetics and FISH in Cytology
CHAPTER 3. Cytologic Screening Programs
Cervical Cancer and Screening
Early Detection of Cancer in Other Sites
New Developments in Cytological Screening
CHAPTER 4. Diagnostic Quality Assurance in Cytopathology
Quality Assurance Measures
Internal Quality Assurance Mechanisms
Computer-Assisted Quality Assurance Mechanisms
External Quality Assurance Mechanisms
Continuing Education Practices
CHAPTER 5. Evaluation of the Sample in Smears and Liquid-Based Preparations
Part 2: Diagnostic Cytology
Section A: Female Genital Tract
CHAPTER 6. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology
The Bethesda System: Historical Perspective
Educational Notes/Suggestions
Interobserver Reproducibility in Cervical Cytology
The Bethesda System and Reporting Anal-Rectal Cytology
CHAPTER 7. Microbiology, Inflammation, and Viral Infections
Infections of the Female Genital Tract
CHAPTER 8. Benign Proliferative Reactions, Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and Invasive Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
The Normal Uterine Cervix
Benign Proliferative Reactions
Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Invasive Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
Efficacy of Cervical Cytology in the Detection of Cervical Abnormalities
CHAPTER 9. Glandular Lesions of the Uterine Cervix
Endocervical Canal Normal Histology and Cytology
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Other Cofactors, and Their Role in Endocervical Carcinogenesis
Endocervical Adenocarcinoma in Situ
Endocervical Adenocarcinoma
Benign and Non-Glandular Neoplastic Processes that Mimic Endocervical and Endometrial Neoplasia
Diagnostic Accuracy of Cervical Cytology Regarding Glandular Lesions
Management of Glandular Neoplastic Lesions and Atypical Glandular Cells
CHAPTER 10. Endometrial Lesions, Unusual Tumors, and Extrauterine Cancer
Overview of Endometrial Carcinoma
Sensitivity and Specificity of Sampling Techniques for Endometrial Disease
Normal-Appearing Endometrial Cells and Gestational Changes
The Detection of Endometrial Abnormalities
CHAPTER 11. Vulva, Vagina, and Anus
CHAPTER 12. Peritoneal Washings and Ovary
Section B: Cytology of Other Body Sites
CHAPTER 13. Respiratory Tract
Sampling and Cytopreparatory Techniques
Cytology of Normal and Benign Components
Cytology of Respiratory Infections
Inconclusive Cytologic Specimen
CHAPTER 14. Alimentary Tract (Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Colon, Rectum, Anus, Biliary Tract)
Specimen Collection and Preparation
Overview of Gastrointestinal Epithelial Reparative Atypia
CHAPTER 15. Urinary Tract
Screening for Bladder Cancer
Urothelium and Specialized Lining
Non-Neoplastic Abnormalities
Tumors of the Urinary Tract
CHAPTER 16. Central Nervous System
Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid and Histology
Reactions to Intraventricular Shunts
Needle Aspirates of Intracranial Lesions
Diagnostic Accuracy of Needle Aspiration
Sampling and Cytopreparatory Techniques
CHAPTER 18. Cytology of Soft Tissue, Bone, and Skin
Morphologic Approach to Soft Tissue Lesions
Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Lesions
Appendix: Molecular Studies in Cytologic Specimens of Soft Tissue Sarcomas
CHAPTER 19. Pleural, Peritoneal, and Pericardial Effusions
Cytopreparatory Technique
Reporting of Results and Statistics
Section C: Fine Needle Aspiration of Various Organs and Body Sites
CHAPTER 20. Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Techniques
History of Aspiration Biopsy
The Thin-needle Aspiration Method
Ancillary Techniques and Applications
Organization of the Aspiration Biopsy Service
Complications of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
CHAPTER 21. Imaging Techniques
Complications of Image-guided FNAB
Image-guided FNAB of Specific Organs
CHAPTER 22. Salivary Glands and Rare Head and Neck Lesions
Lymphocyte Dominate Benign Lesion
RARE HEAD AND NECK LESIONS
Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor
Hürthle Cell Neoplasm (Oncocytic Neoplasm)
Variants of Papillary Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma
Management of the Thyroid Nodule
CHAPTER 24. Lymph Nodes: Cytomorphology and Flow Cytometry
Normal Lymph Node: Structure and Immunophenotypes
Non-neoplastic Lymphadenopathy
The Classification of the Lymphoid Neoplasms
Challenges and Diagnostic Pitfalls
Indications and Advantages
Anatomy and Histology of the Breast
Metastatic Malignancies to the Breast
Cytologic Prognostication
Nipple Discharge Cytology
Diagnostic Pitfalls and Algorithms
CHAPTER 27. Kidneys, Adrenals, and Retroperitoneum
Inflammatory Disorders of the Kidney
Malignant Epithelial Tumors
Genetics and Molecular Biology
Rare Renal Cortical Tumors
TUMORS OF THE RENAL PELVIS
Diagnostic Accuracy of FNA in Kidneys, Adrenals, and Retroperitoneum
CHAPTER 28. Liver and Pancreas
Non-neoplastic Mass Lesions
Benign Mesenchymal Tumors
Physical Features of Liver Aspirates
Benign Hepatocellular Lesions
Tumors of Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Tumors Metastatic to the Liver
CHAPTER 29. Pediatric Tumors
Techniques in Pediatric Cytopathology
FNA Cytology: Indications, Advantages, Contraindications, and Complications
Tumors of the Mediastinum
Gastrointestinal Tract Tumors
Tumors of the Retroperitoneum
Diagnostic Accuracy of FNA Cytology
Section D: Effects of Therapy on All Body Sites
CHAPTER 30. Effects of Therapy on Cytologic Specimens
Antineoplastic Chemotherapy
Antineoplastic Biologic Response Modifiers
Transplant Immunosuppressive Therapy
Thyroid-suppressive Therapy
Foreign Body: Intrauterine Devices
Transurethral Resection and Core Needle Biopsy of the Prostate
Part 3: Special Techniques in Cytology
CHAPTER 31. Cytopreparatory Techniques
CHAPTER 32. Light Optical Microscopy
CHAPTER 33. Virtual Microscopy
Virtual Slide Acquisition
CHAPTER 34. Automation in Cervical Cytology
Historical Attempts at Automation
The Rationale for Automation
Cytology Automation: Accuracy and Productivity
Currently Available Automation Platforms
Laboratory Process Issues Associated with the Use of Automated Devices
Cost-effectiveness of Liquid-based Preparation and Automated Screening Devices
CHAPTER 35. Immunocytochemistry
Immunocytology Techniques
Interpretation and Limitations of ICC
Non Mesothelial (Adenocarcinoma) Markers
Immunocytochemistry for Targeted Therapies
Carcinoma of Unknown Primary
Nonepithelial Malignancies Presenting as Tumors of Unknown Origin
CHAPTER 36. Molecular Techniques
Molecular Techniques in Cytopathology
Molecular Analysis of Therapeutic Targets
Comprehensive Cytopathology
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